Utilitarianism Essays Utilitarianism And Integrity

Utilitarianism is a practical doctrine that is widely accepted in modern society’s economics, politic, and ethics. Utilitarian is driven by the pursuit of happiness. For a utilitarian, everything that will be helpful in the pursuit is considered good. In utilitarianism, an action is good or evil based on its consequences on the happiness of an individual and the happiness of the community. Similar to other doctrine, utilitarianism is not without a flaw. Bernard Williams, in his paper Utilitarianism and Integrity, voices his primary concern in regard to utilitarianism by providing two concrete examples to demonstrate how utilitarianism is only concerned about the consequences of the action and not about the means used to get there. Williams argues that utilitarianism fails to acknowledge the integrity of a person because the ultimate goal of utilitarianism is to produce the greatest happiness overall. Williams demonstrate this problematic dilemma in the example of Jim. While on a botanical expedition, Jim stumbled upon the central square of a small South American town. In front of him is a row of twenty petrified Indians, lined up to be executed by armed men. The captain in charge, Pedro, explains to Jim that these twenty Indians were chosen randomly from a group of inhabitants to be killed as a message to other potential protestors that it is unwise to protest against the government. Since Jim is a visitor from a foreign land, the captain offers himShow MoreRelatedIn Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams, Williams has an argument that is based on1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams, Williams has an argument that is based on the value of integrity. Integrity is defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles or moral uprightness. In Williams argument he believes in certain circumstances utilitarianism requires agents to abandon their personal projects and commitments. This lead Williams to claim that utilitarianism is an attack on an agent’s integrity. In my essay I will explain Williams’s argumentRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they produce happiness and wrong if they don’t produce happiness. Happiness is what every human being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will lead to happiness. Utilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by JeremeyRead MoreMill s Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism1251 Words   |  6 PagesMill’s Utilitarianism For centuries philosophers have attempted to explain morals, creating ideas that break this ethical system down into basic components. English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, was a large contributor to the idea of utilitarianism. Although Mill’s utilitarianism provides a strong argument for explaining morality, it is not a bulletproof theory. J.S. Mill’s Principle of utility, also known as the greatest happiness principle, is an ethical philosophy that looks at the developmentRead MoreThe Contributions Of John Stuart Mill1250 Words   |  5 PagesEngland, to Harriet Burrow and James Mill, a noted economist, philosopher and historian. James Mill was an educated man who was heavily involved in an early 19th century movement called philosophic radicalism, a school of thought also known as Utilitarianism, which highlighted the demand for a scientific foundation for philosophy, as well as a humanist approach to economics politics. It was this foundation from which James Mill urged and advanced his eldest son s education from a very early ageRead MoreEthics Systems Of Accounting : Comparing Deontology And Utilitarianism1482 Words   |  6 PagesSystems in Accounting: Comparing Deontology and Utilitarianism Ethics are crucial to the accounting profession and the business world, so choosing an ethics system to base your moral decisions on is extremely important. Accountants and all business professionals will be confronted with moral dilemmas on a daily basis. Being strong in your faith and knowing what you believe in will help you to always make the right decision. Based on this reasoning, this essay will explain why deontology is the best ethicsRead MoreRelationship Between The Principle Of Utility And Moral Rules1462 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between the principle of utility and moral rules. In this essay I will argue that Mill thinks that there is a strong relationship between the two concepts, although he regards moral rules as having a subordinate relationship towards the principle of utility. Mill is a rule utilitarian who believes moral rules are useful guidelines for everyday uses, but reverts to the principle of utility in complex moral situations. In this essay I will also argue for the advantages of Mill’s understanding ofRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Rawls And Robert Nozick1486 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism is a moral theory according to which an action is right if and only if it conforms to the principle of utility. An action conforms to the principle of utility if and only if its performance will be more productive of pleasure or happiness, or more preventive of pain and happiness, than any alternative. The rightness of an action entirely depends on the value of its consequences, this is why the theory is described as consequentialist. The â €Å"separateness of persons† is an objection againstRead MoreThe Ethical Responsibilities Of Business Ethics Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesoptions, hide the truth but save the reputation or keep honest but lose large amount of income. This easy introduces a comparative analysis of Jean’s situation under an ethical dilemma perspective with three different ethical theories, Kantian, utilitarianism and egoism. Based on the information from Jean’s case, the existence of an ethical dilemma is implied. Generally, ethical dilemma is defined as† a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, inRead MoreUtilitarianism And The Political And Economic Aspects Of Development1493 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism in the political and economic aspects of development has been widely recognized and human social practice plays a huge impact. But the utilitarian always at the place of criticism, misunderstanding. People tend to equate utilitarianism simply with individualism. In fact, the means of utilitarianism not only consider a behaviour and motivation, and to emphasize life purpose should emerge to the scope of his own happiness, to care about other people s happiness and the improvement ofRead MoreUtilitarianism And Bernard Williams Critique Of Utilitarianism1915 Words   |  8 PagesUtilitarianism’s Moral Overburdening and Ber nard Williams’ Critique Utilitarianism, at first, appears to be a rather uncontroversial ethical theory in that it bases its plausibility on its basic principle of maximizing human happiness. Even so, it proves to be rather problematic in many of its aspects as soon as one discerns how this ethical account ascribes moral value to actions. Particularly, one worrying issue for utilitarianism, which I will be delving into, deals with is its demands on the way

Women and Barriers to their Financial well being/ Barriers for women in relation to financial security - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2365 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 2.2 Women and Barriers to their Financial well being/ Barriers for women in relation to financial security There are different circumstances faced by women that may create barriers in becoming financially secured in their lives (Morris, 2007). Formal Financial barriers A key constraint for women is the access to adequate financial resources for the success of their business (Minniti, 2009; Jordi, 2009). Different researchers have made the attempt to see how financial institutions behave towards women while granting funds. Empirical studies have established the influence of financial literacy on financial behavior. People with low financial literacy are more likely to have problems with debts (Lusardi Tofano, 2009). Apparently, debt financing is a challenge for women entrepreneurs (Buttner and Rosen, 1992) because of unequal treatment by debt providers, lack of experience in dealing with lending institutions and insufficient credit history and rating (Bel court et al, 1991; Goffee Scase, 1983; Hisrich Brush, 1984). As an example, Kenyan women are almost invisible to formal financial institutions they receive less than 10 percent of commercial credits (Mahbubultlag Human Development Center, 2000). According to the UNIDO report (1995), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“despite evidence that womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loan repayment rates are higher than menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s still face more difficulties in obtaining credit,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  often due to the discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups. In developing countries, women have limited access to funds as they are located in poor rural communities with fewer opportunities to borrow (Starcher, 2008). These women continue to suffer from poor enforcement of financial rights and the existence of poor access to financial resources long with the rigidity of collateral requirements and heavy paperwork are further impediments to women entrepreneurs (Stevenson a nd Jarillo, 2003). Not surprisingly, women struggle for financial assistance as well for their own use. In most regions of the world, fewer women held a account at a formal financial institutiton whereas Sub-Saharan Africa, women are more likely to use an informal saving clubs and not a formal financial institution to save as compared to men. Also, financial inclusion is low in Mexico among women whereby only 22% women have bank accounts (Demirguc-kunt and Klapper, 2012). On the whole, proper access to financial services provides opportunity for improving womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s businesses and the economy of the entire communities and countries. Informal barriers Besides, the home environment plays a role in financial literacy. Parents have the primary responsibility to inculcate financial habits and behaviors to children when they are young (Into, 2003). They have the greatest influence on the way children handle money and instill the attitudes their children have towards saving (Eikmeier, 2007). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Children learn financial management behavior through observation and participation and through intentional instruction by socialized agents (family, siblings, spouse, peers, schools, workplace, media and culture)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Eikmeier, 2007, p.6). Social beliefs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“commonly fail to value womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contribution to relationships and as a result, women may fail to fight for their financial rights as they themselves lack experience of this recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Branigan, 2004, p.16). From a gender outlook, financial attitudes, knowledge and behavior differ for both male and female due to different financial satisfaction during childhood (Lim, Teo and Loo, 2003). In nearly every culture around the world, girls are brought up to be the caretakers while boys are grown up with the expectation to be the breadwinner (Wilhelm, Varcoe Fridrich, 1993). As a result, differences in gender roles and expectations woul d provide different strategies to the financial socialization of boys and girls and consequently, the different levels of financial knowledge among them (FAlahati Pain, 2011). For example, in Nigeria, there is a large power distance and high masculinity and where customs place the obligation on the male child to be the economic provider, emotional protector and leader (Hofstede, 1980) Astonishingly, women may be working and supporting their family financially, still they are not considered as breadwinner (Yodanis, 2007). Women should be less involve in income earning activities but rather should be humble and modest amid the priority given to their roles as wives and mothers (Zakaria, 2001). The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations (Stevenson and Jarillo, 2003). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Having primary responsibilities for children, home and older family members, very few women can devote all their time and energies to t heir businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Starcher, 2008) A potential explanation for womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lower financial literacy may have to do with specialization of tasks within the household. The idea that men acquire greater financial knowledge and skills than women because they specialize in financial decision-making within the household is consistent with the fact that men tend to display higher financial knowledge than women across a wide range of countries. Hsu (2011) finds that financial literacy of older married women in the US increases as they approach widowhood, thus supporting the idea of household division of labor. Women are more likely to have a budget and to keep track of their finances which are a crucial aspect of financially savvy behavior that has to do with short-term money management. Keeping a close watch on every-day financial expenses is a first step in building long-term financial security and avoiding unsustainable levels of debt. In many countries, women have an important role in household money management in large share of couples. As stated by Chen (2002), women have been traditionally responsible for childcare and daily maintenance of activities like household budgets and bill payments. As a result, they are less likely to save for their retirement and more likely to spend their money on children and families. The results were in line with the OECD INFE surveys and other national studies showing that women appear to be better than men at short-term money management behavior. For instance, women in Australia are much more likely than men to regularly keep a budget for their day-to-day finances and more likely to think about ways to reduce their spending (Australian Government and Financial Literacy Foundation, 2008). Results from both the 2006 and 2009 Financial knowledge survey in New Zealand suggest women have used written/electronic records to be in more control of their expenses. Others authors have also argued that women h ave marginally outperformed men on keeping track of their financial affairs (McKay, 2011; Atkinson et al, 2006). However, Evidence from the OECD INFE survey shows that both partners are jointly responsible for day-to-day money management in a majority of households across several countries, weakening the idea of specialization to financial decision-making. Equally, Fonseca et al (2010) and Bucher-koenen et al (2012), studying the US and Dutch population respectively do not find support for the specialization hypothesis. Another challenge for women is that most of them do not receive any education in finance until they are divorced or widowed (Bach, 2002). Studies have shown that women show limited interest in money matters because they feel they have too little knowledge to engage in these issues. It is reasonable to assume that lower access to education can affect opportunities to improve financial literacy. Lusardi (2007) noted that many households are unfamiliar with even the most basic economic concepts needed to make saving and investment decisions. Researchers (Beal, Delpachtra, 2003) assert that financially educated people would know how to manage their money, understand how financial institutions work, and possess a range of analytical skills. Besides, they would know how they should handle their financial affairs and how to be responsible financially. Eikmeier (2007) pointed out that financial education can lead to financial knowledge and positive changes in attitudes, motivation and planned behavior. Women generally have less knowledge about personal finance topics whereby education and experience can impact the financial literacy of women/For women and men, education will improve their financial education /financial literacy can change with education (Chen, 2002). Having a University degree relates to how a woman manages money with a spouse and they are more likely to be involved in the decision making process with their spouse (Yodanis, 2007). K itching and Woldie (2004) note that women entrepreneurs in Nigeria are often inhibited by their relatively low level of education and skills and this generally limits their access to various support services. Goldsmith and Goldsmith (1997) suggest that women score worse than men because in general they are less interested in the topics of investment and personal finance and consequently use financial services more seldom. The term financial literacy is in itself a barrier because it implies that a person may be financially illiterate. Lusardi (2000) defined financial illiteracy as having little knowledge while Bennleim (1994) referred it as a lacking experience in daily financial matters. In a large number of countries, women have lower financial knowledge than men. This is a robust piece of evidence as it holds across developed and developing countries in all regions of the worlds and using different survey instruments, only in very small number of cases gender differences are n ot significant and in a no country women were found to be more knowledgeable than men. Financial illiteracy is widespread and severe among certain groups including women and older Americans (Census, 2000). Empirical research have been carried out to measure the degree and spread of financial literacy among women. Lusardi and Micthell (2007a) argued that less educated people comprising of females, African-American and Hispanics display low financial knowledge which impacted their decisions financially. Since these people were illiterate in basic financial knowledge concepts, they were unsuccessful in planning their retirement period, had low stock market participation and had fewer borrowings. Similarly, an unequal proportion number of women was categorised as being financially illiterate by Hogarth and Hilgerth (2002). Also, female respondents had been known to score lower marks in financial literacy tests (Chen Volpe, 1998; Murphy, 2005; Volpe, Chen Pavlicko, 1996). In the same w ay, women have obtained less correct answers on six numeracy and financial knowledge questions (Alpha Research, 2010; Azerbaijan Micro-Finance Association, 2009). Based on short tests of financial knowledge, in general, all studies portrayed that women have lower levels of financial knowledge in most countries. Consequently, both men and women were found to have low financial knowledge in Russia and East Germany (Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi, 2011; Klapper and Panos, 2011). Limited access to education not only reduce womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial well-being per se, but also limit the extent to which women can improve their knowledge, confidence and skills about economic and financial issues. Money as power/Income Next, making financial choices and discussions concerning money and financial issues can be an emotional area for women. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Money, which may consider a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"measure of successà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, is often a taboo topicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Into, 200 3, P.826). Women tend to attach sentiment to money. Since they were raised as being caregivers and not breadwinners, women are seen to be more uncomfortable talking about money and tend to focus on doing well as opposed to getting rich. As an example, there are different emotions and that often are attached to the issues of saving and investing like the need to save for the family or providing their children with things they need or want. Furthermore, emotions that are attached to money often determine if they will live their lives in comfort or poverty (Bach, 2002; Frankel, 2008). There are also many excuses they use to become less involved in their financial well-being. Some of them include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“someone else will do it, I am not interested in money matters, I do not have enough, I do not have enough time and I just do not want to think about ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Frankel, 2008). Generally, women tend to undervalue their abilities and talents, have less enthusiasm for, lower confidence in and less willingness to learn about personal finance topics (Chen, 2002, p.289). Meeting the family needs is often the contributing factor to the delay in addressing their financial situation. The confidence level of a woman in her ability to make decisions is the difference between knowing something and doing something about it (Foundation, 1998). Results from several sources suggest that women are less confident than men about their financial knowledge. This evidence is largely based on the fact that they are more likely than men to answer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“do not knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to financial knowledge questions rather than attempt to answer it (OECD INFE Survey, 2013). In addition, women tend to have lower confidence than men also in their ability with financial issues. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Women Understanding Moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  study highlighted that women are not very willing to learn more about everyday money management issues like budgeting, saving, dea ling with credit and managing debt where they felt more confident. However the study found that women thought it was important to learn more complex money management issues such as planning for the financial future, understanding rights and responsibilities/understanding financial language and ensuring enough money for retirement. Despite acknowledging the importance to learn, significant number of Australian women held attitudes and beliefs that could limit improvements in money management knowledge and skills. Women were more likely than men to find money stressful, uncomfortable or boring and less likely to feel in control of their financial situation (Australian Government and Financial Literacy Foundation, 2008). Lastly, the concept of risk aversion is an area of concern which relate them to financial decision making. Though there has been some progress in womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial knowledge and confidence in the last 8 years, women still worry about their financial future and are not sure what they need to do (Prudential, 2008). Croson, Gneezy (2004) show that there is a significant difference in risk-taking between men and women. Women are more risk-averse than men and this low-risk tolerance attitude prevent them from accumulating adequate retirement funds and reaching their long term financial goals (Loibl, 2007). Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial literacy would be enhanced by women becoming more risk tolerant and gaining confidence in their math ability and financial decisions (Glass, 1998). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Women want less worry, less aggressive investing, more security and predictability, more simplicity and easier access to understandable financial information (Eikmeier, 2007, p.6). Women exhibit relatively more risk aversion in financial decision-making than men. Charness and Gneezy (2011) conducted a meta-analysis of nine different studies on risk-taking in investment. They find a very consistent result that women invest less and thu s appear to be more financially risk averse than men. Similarly, other researchers reported that women are more risk averse to investment than men (Chen Volpe, Bajtesmit Bernasek,1996, Powell and Ansic, 1997; Agnew et al, 2007). Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial risk aversion and low confidence about their financial skills may reduce their propensity to profit from opportunities in the financial marketplace by limiting their willingness to take financial risks Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women and Barriers to their Financial well being/ Barriers for women in relation to financial security" essay for you Create order

Youth Sports Are Not Becoming Too Intense Essay - 1894 Words

Analysis: The purpose of this paper is to argue the fact that youth sports are not becoming too intense. After reading the New York Times article I decided to pick this topic and argue against this theory because as a division one athlete I have my own opinions. I picked three sources which can back up and prove that sports being too intense is very much your own opinion. Introduction: Being a professional athlete is one of the most commonly heard dreams of a young boy or girl who currently elementary school. Whether it is realistic or not, these kids will be participating in the sport that they wish to thrive in. But, time after time we hear adults complain about their child’s insane soccer schedule, or how they have to spend their whole weekend traveling for games. The parents complaints shouldn’t be the topic of discussion, in fact the only opinions that matter are the children. The question shouldn’t be asking whether or not youth sports are too intense, it should be asking if it is worth it. If a child loves what they’re doing then they have every reason to continue playing their sport, but if they are not all in, he or she has to question whether or not all the craziness is worth it. Source 1: Scholarly Source A study that many people have given little attention to is called â€Å"The Burnout†. This term means that after years of extreme training, competition and scrutiny, an athlete can become â€Å"burned out† and lose all desire to continue playing. People either realizeShow MoreRelatedSports : The Negative Side Of Youth Sports903 Words   |  4 PagesMany people think that sports help children develop teamwork, self-confidence, moral character, and other personal strength but others see the negative side of youth sports, believing young athletes develop aggressive traits such as bullying and the need to dominate their opponents not just on but off the field as well. Youth sports have become far too intense, especially in contact sports. It is true that participation in youth athletics has a number of benefits such as the building self-confidenceRead MoreSports Programs For Children And Young Adults1558 Words   |  7 Pagesin many contact sports. An example of a traumatic brain injury is a concussion. These are very serious injuries, killing over 50,000 people per year. Contact sports have a great contribution to this number, which causes people to inquire: Are contact sports programs for children and teenagers too intense? A bunch of people think they are too intense because of the injuries, deaths, and emotions that they sometimes cause. But some people think that the sports are not too intense because they keepRead MoreSports Violence Must Be Abolished963 Words   |  4 Pagesthese sports. I am indeed referring to the intense physicality that all three of these sports strongly value. As a devoted hockey fan, I am a witness to a great part of the physicality that takes place. Therefore, I am well aware and understand that physicality is crucial in order to compete in most sports, but we have to draw the line somewhere. When there is primary intent to injure and physically hurt someone this is considered â€Å"violence†. Violence is becoming increasingly prevalent in sports, andRead MorePros and Cons of Organized Sports for Youths1702 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of Organized Sports for Youths Sports in America are one of the biggest sensations around. 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The purpose of this paper is to inform people about when basketball was created, how much it has changed over the years, and to talk about some of the most influential players who ever played this amazing sport. In 1891, James Naismith was a gym teacher at the local YMCA in SpringfieldRead MoreThe Role Of Parental Role Models On Youth Athletic Participation1842 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper examines the prevalence of aggression in youth sports the impact of parental role models on youth athletic participation, which can often lead to early burnouts in sports; and whether sports draw out the children’s aggressive nature. In America alone there are 30-35 million children of the ages 5-18 participating in organized youth sports in America. (Fiore, 2003) Sports may give youth positive experiences, but may also cause stress, which may result in unneeded amounts of stress. YoungRead MoreA Correlation Between Stress And Adolescent Suicide1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthey don’t know how to have fun. Adolescents should be enjoying their youth, doing the things that teenagers do, but in today’s society, even those things that should be fun and enjoyable are stressful. In my opin ion, adolescents sometimes take on the pressures and expectations of others which can become overwhelming, often leading to suicidal ideations and behaviors. For example, adolescents could feel a ton of pressure in sports with the need to perform at their best to the expectations of theirRead MoreVideo Game : Violent Video Games927 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals for sport with huge number of people as an audience. Today the video game industry has found a way to bring that same violent killing times ten, straight to your living room TV. Tons of people play violent games both adults and children, but which are more effected by the violence and should stricter guide lines be set in making violent games. Violent video games for adults are rated adult, â€Å"content suitable only for adults ages 18 and up. May include prolonged scenes of intense violence,

Industry Community Engagement In Australia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Industry Community Engagement In Australia? Answer: Introducation Ethics and moral codes are crucial aspects of a community that guide and govern the community members. Ethical principles are used to ensure that people in the same group, same situations and with similar thoughts to feel equal and valued. There are different types of ethics, e.g. business ethics, professional ethics, community ethics to name a few. Additionally, there are different theories that are referred to as the origins of certain ethics, e.g. deontological developed by Immanuel Kant, teleological developed by John Stuart Mill, natural law among others. There are also other theories that basically produced ethics that are used a guide to community members like the absolute and relative ethics. In the business world, the business ethics have recently been some of the main and crucial aspects that are being relied on by most stakeholders. This is simply because the ethics involved are capable of directly affecting most of the business stakeholders at one time or the other. Howev er, besides putting more effort and focus on the business stakeholders, business are supposed to also focus on ensuring that the surrounding environment is also fairly treated. Introduction to Business Ethics Ethics is the discipline of practicing moral principles and standards that are used to govern a specific group of individuals. Business ethics can be referred to as an organizations policies and principles that guide them on their moral and ethical practices. Business ethics helps unite every party involved in a business towards solving some f challenges, problems and differences that may arise between the business partners, employees or even stakeholders. They are responsible for ensuring a certain level of trust and team work among all the business participants (May et al, 2014). Therefore, business ethics are responsible for setting the business code of conduct, values, norms and standards that guide all organizational parties. This means that they help the organizational employees, managers, stakeholders and business owners to have a sense of belonging and value because they are all expected to follow and be guided by the same ethics (Beets et al, 2016). They take a major part in ensuring that business parties work together towards a common goal and with same mentality. In that case, every business must ensure that its ethics are known, acceptable and followed by every party involved in the organizational operations. Ethical Theories Discussion John Stuart Mill is one of the first and most famous and influentialBritish philosophers to write about ethical theories in the human life. His theory was based on his own believe and called it utilitarianism which stated that everyone should act in such a way to bring the largest possibly balance of good over evil for everyone involved (Belak and PevecRozman, 2012). This principle says that a persons actions can only be right only if in end they cause overall happiness to anyone involved(Johnston, 2011). The theory developed from being an idea of one individual to a principle that is factual, true and one that can be proved in the end. Immanuel Kant was one of the first German philosophers to write about human ethics. Immanuel Kants ethics theory represents one of the deontological theories or principles that he begun since 16th century to date. The theory revolved around three major principles (Misselbrook, 2013), i.e. a persons good will, the notion of duty and the nature of imperatives. This means that an action can be referred to as a good thing only when its main purpose or objective is to be performed out of good will and towards achievement of duty or responsibility to the moral law. This theory has grown and is being used in many scientific grounds in the current world. Deontological/ Non-Consequentialism It is entirely based on judging human actions based on whether they are consistent in doing what is morally right. The theory focuses mainly on the motive or objective of the action from the beginning (whether it is someones duty or nature) which means that the end effect is not important (Baumane-Vitolina et al, 2016). Therefore, if the motive is positive, then the action id deemed right and if the motive is negative the action is deemed morally wrong. This theory follows the principle of Immanuel Kants theory. The theory developed from being a dominant aspect of determining growth and understanding of a human being to being a major determinant of how humans react and act when it comes their moral behaviors and perceptions. Originally, it focused on finding the human behavior in terms of morals but now it focuses on determining the results of a persons moral behavior, which is basically the motive that leads to a certain moral behavior or action. Teleological/ Consequentialist Theory This theory is entirely based on judging a persons actions according to the consequences from those actions. It states that any action that causes positive consequences are morally right while those that cause negative consequences are morally wrong. This theory is based on John Stuarts principle because they both judge actions according to their end effects. Originally, the theory was focused on finding out a persons moral behavior and the things that drive people into behaving in a certain way. However, currently, the theory focuses on ensuring that people understand the result of their actions before they act, especially when it comes to performing moral actions. Natural Law Theory of Individual Right and Duties The natural law theory basis its arguments against the moral authority of the government towards its citizens and the duty of the citizens to abide to the authority. The natural law theory is based on the legal standards and responsibility of the government to govern the human life. However, the principle says that the moral standards that govern human behavior are determined by the human and environmental nature. The theory rests upon the idea that the legal authority that should adhere to the rules and standards of nature to govern the human behavior. Originally, the theory was based on two aspects which are nature and legal authority and human beings are supped to be guided by the nature but governed by the legal rules. However, the theory has developed and now its principle states that the laws should be based on morality and ethics. Which means that the nature should not only determine the legal governance but so should ethics and morals of a person. Ethics Explanation and Differences Absolute ethics look for ethical principles and practices that will make people in the group choose between what is right and wrong (McDonald, 2010). Operates under a universal moral code where by every individual is aware of what is right and wrong. In this principle, any environmental aspect/situation change does not affect the moral principle of this ethics, it is totally independent and intact. Relative Ethics The principle in this ethics is that what is right and wrong changes according to a community or society. In other words, the society defines what is right and wrong according to what they believe in. These ethics portray a societys believes and code of conduct that should be adhered to by every individual. However, they seem to change with scenarios and regions which means that every society has its own different ethics that govern and guide every situation and decision. Differences The absolute ethics focus mainly on the ability to ensure that every individual is comfortable and has a right to choose between what is right and wrong in all circumstances. It mainly focuses on ensuring that every individual adheres the moral code of wrong and right. In relative ethics, the code of conduct and the rules are meant to govern a society as a whole and the decisions made by the community individuals. This means that it is focused on ensuring that the whole community is protected and that the community people follow the ethics set for them which they consider morally right e.g., it is right for a man in the Muslim religion to have more than wife but is completely unethical and immoral for Christians to have more than one wife. Business person and License Application If the business person applied the absolute ethics, his reply would be not to accept the bribe payment. He would say no to the offer to encourage the principle of equality in the business world. Basically, it doesnt matter whether the intention is just to get a license but absolutes ethics principle is never wavered by any change of situation or views. If he applied the relative ethics principle he would say yes or no to the offer. However, he can only say yes if the community the business person is operating in or the community in which he belongs believes taking bribes is not wrong. Also, he can say not to the bribe if the community he belongs to or operating in deemed taking bribe as a wrong act. This is simply because, in relative ethics, what is considered right or wrong differs depending on the community. Corporate Social Responsibility This is basically an organizations responsibility to take charge of the effects its operation cause to the environment or the society. It is a model used by every business organization to take responsibility of the impacts its operations and decisions have caused to the surrounding environment and community (Mason and Simmons, 2014). For example, a business can take actions to reduce or avoid environmental pollution if its operations are capable of causing environmental pollution. Also, by participating in community development activities without expecting anything in return, e.g. building schools and infrastructure. If the impacts of an organization are negative, then the business operations will be negatively affected and vice versa. This means that a businesss CSR is directly related to its effects to the environment or society. Effects of Ethical Issues towards Business Operations Corporate Governance- This refers to a businesss top management team. The implementation of ethics and their principles will basically force these individuals to perform their roles and responsibilities in a more effective way, which is to check on the shareholders interests. The ethics enable the corporate governance to put more effort on keeping the shareholders happy and promises fulfilled. Environment- ethics that protect the environment. Businesses always conduct operations that are not harmful to the environment and in case of any harm, they take responsibility for that. To reduce soil erosion or disaster occurrence in the community does not benefit the business directly which will certainly be a difficult decision for the decision makers to make. Customers- ethics governing product safety, quality, marketing and advertisements. Every business must take all these into consideration before they conduct any operation related to customers and products. By adhering to the ethical principle, the business will ensure perfect features for the product but may not get customers to buy the product or rather the cost may increase therefore leading to price increase. In this situation, the company may be torn between losing customers due to high prices and not producing the product as per the ethics. Employees working conditions- ethics concerning employee safety and conducive working environment. The business must ensure that all these ethics are adhered to. By purchasing the protection materials like helmets, aprons, gloves and boots among others will cost a business a lot of money. It will be a way to benefit the employees and not the business directly. BHP Billiton is an international business whose headquarters are located in Melbourne Australia. The company specializes in mining and production of minerals, oil and gas and other products which are sold all over the world. This therefore makes it a business in the construction industry. Ethical issue affecting BHP Billiton Company Being a global organization, BHP Billiton operates in most part of the world which means that it has a great opportunity to use and implement most of the laws that are set for various countries. However, the company also has to keep its ethical practices in check even when they collide with the countrys ethics and laws. There are some ethical issues that are currently affecting the business operations of BHP Billiton Company. For instance, the ethical issue on employee welfare, health and safety and the ethics that govern the surrounding environment. As for BHP Billiton, it specializes on the mining and production of minerals and oil and gas and other related products. The mining operation of the business is done by use of effective machines but coordinated by a skilled and experienced employee. This basically means that the business operations are liable to destroying and destructing the environmental beauty and conditions. When mining, the excavators dig deep into the ground to be able to extract the mineral or oil or gas which creates a bad picture to the environmental beauty. Additionally, the operation is likely to cause air, water or soil pollution especially when the gas or oil spills to the ground which is environmental pollution. In the case of the employees, back in 2015, the companys mining site in Brazil (which was a joint venture with Vale Mining Company) was involved in a catastrophic accident where by around 25 employees were killed due to the poor design of the dam and the poor geographical conditions. This means that the working environment for the employees was not really safe and therefore the company never seemed to mind about their welfare, health and safety. The ethics did not protect the employees well enough to save their lives or keep them safe but saved the companys name and brand. These two ethical issues have been used against BHP Billiton since then which has cause great negative effect on its operations and performance in the area. Improvement of Operations Ethics The best for the company to go past its ethical issues, it had to address them by coming up with a clear, simple and understandable code of ethics that was to be applied in any scenario that resembled the Brazil joint venture scenario.To do that, the company performed an analysis and evaluation on various business aspects (especially those that were involved in conducting any operations on the dam) to be able to point out what actually caused the accident. For instance the type of technology that was used in the mining and production processes was evaluated on strict conditions and ways to determine whether it had any impact on the cause of the disaster. Additionally, the business investigated also whether the location of waste storage piles close to the dam had any impact to the cause of the accident. Ethics on Environmental Protection Additionally, besides the investigation on the aspects that caused the disaster, BHP Billiton also came up with new strategies on how to avoid an prevent such a disaster in the future. The company created suitable strategies that would protect both the environment, employees and the people living around the mining sector. The company promised on initiating and implementing transparency and openness towards anybody who was to be involved in any project as such. The company would train and educate the employee on possible effects and dangers that may arise from such mining conditions and sectors. However, the employees would be given protection equipment and be trained on emergency and protective measures that were supposed to be done whenever a disaster occurs. By doing this, the company will be focusing on improving the employees and the communitys welfare, health and safety standards. It promised to ensure that the employees healthsafety standards are adhered to, which was to be pos sible by providing the employees with masks, head helmets, protective clothes and other equipment that may be necessary and effective. With these kind of ethics, the companys aim to actually rebuild and improve its relationship with its employees as well as the trust they had in it. When the organization seems to care about its employees health, they will seem to care about what the employees think on other organizational issues. Environmental cleanness In addition to that, the Board should focus on ensuring that their production methods do not interfere with environmental cleanness. It is the nature of a mining operation to destroy the environmental look and cause some type of pollution like air, water or soil. This is especially for a company like BHP Billiton that extracts and produces mineral, oil and gas among other things.The companys stakeholders and the management team promised to ensure that there would be no form of pollution that would be involved with any operation in the future or if there is, it would not cause any harm to the environment. To achieve that, the company came up with a work ethic that governed the mining operations by ensuring that there was real time upgrade information on any mining operation, waste and seismic activities. This would increase the chances of reducing the environmental destruction as well as the effect of any disaster in case it occurred. By giving an update on any mining operation would help the management team to be aware of all the proceedings and activities going on in the mining sector. These two ethics were created mainly to build the trust and relationship the company had with the employees, surrounding communities around the mining areas all over the world and the authorities or organizations that protect the environmental safety, basically the environment. Ethical Code The company is focused on maintaining and practicing the highest ethical standards in a professional conduct of the staff, contactors, investors, shareholders and consultants. A) Honesty and Integrity The company has to give required respect to every legitimate interest of any individual with a relationship with the company at any level.Honesty with the people living around the mining areas Honesty when it comes to possible effects on the environment BHP Billiton does not give or receive whether directly or indirectly bribes or any other type of illegal advantages with the aim of gaining financial benefit. No employee should offer or receive any form of gift or payment that can be categorized as a bribe. B) Environment Encourage environmental cleanness especially around the mining sites BHP Billiton is focused on ensuring that there is continuous improvements in the management of the environmental impacts or effects (especially when there is damage related to the business operations) for the long-term goals of creating and developing a sustainable business environment. C) Accountability Should always count itself accountable for any incident that may take place in the companys mining sites Should be ready to take responsibility of any effects caused by any accident around the mining sites The company should ensure that all employees are always competent (skilled and experienced), protected and compensated accordingly D) Staff BHP Billiton is focusing towards providing a friendly environment with promise of potential growth in career, talent and skill adversity and equal opportunity for every employee. The company also offers an environment where there is mutual trust and respect for human rights for all the parties involved with the company. The company is committed to a safe and healthy working environment for all the employees. Conclusion From the study, I can say that ethics and moral codes of conduct are a very fundamental aspect of any situation and community. 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