The United States Brief History - 2271 Words

Throughout the United States’ brief history there have been a few black eyes that have haunted the country as a whole and shaped it to what it is today. One of the more important, and dark, moments in the history of the country was the Trail Of Tears. What resulted in the loss of thousands of lives was the relocation of the Native American people who were rightfully on their own land. Behind this calamitous event were the politicians that were leaders of the country of that time. Despite being looked at as heroes, many of our founding fathers and past presidents had a hand in this relocation. While the country’s politicians played the role of the bad guys, there were Native American leaders who took a political stand against this act. Despite the opposition of the natives, the power of the political leaders of the time proved to be too much and eventually overcame the resistance causing this tragic event in American history. As soon as the Europeans set foot in the Americas it was destined for them to strip the land away from the natives who inhabited them. Shortly after the new â€Å"Americans† won their freedom from the English, they began their push west. The removal of the Native American’s began then and was started by our own founding fathers. It is widely believed and taught that President Andrew Jackson was the one to begin the harsh removal of these people from their lands, but he merely continued what was being put into place. What is not known by many is that ourShow MoreRelatedA Brief History Of United States Mental Health Care Essay1896 Words   |  8 PagesPRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW A brief history of the United States’ mental health care The United States has never had an official federal-centered approach for mental health care facilities, entrusting its responsibility to the states throughout the history. The earliest initiatives in this field took place in the 18th century, when Virginia built its first asylum and Pennsylvania Hospital reserved its basement to house individuals with mental disorders (Sundararaman, 2009). During the 19th centuryRead MoreRussi An Extraordinary Outburst Of Social And Cultural Change877 Words   |  4 Pageswell as the rise and fall of many different good political leaders (â€Å"A brief history of Russia†, 2005). Since the Soviet era, Russia has had an extraordinary outburst of social and cultural change (â€Å"A brief history of Russia†, 2005). Russia developed radical styles of constructivism, futurism, and supremacism during this time. In 1924, there was a struggle for power in the Communism party after Lenin’s death (â€Å"A brief history of Russia†, 2005). During the latter half of the decade, a victor emergedRead MorePolio : An American Story1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Legacy of Polio in the United States Throughout the 1900s, polio was every American family’s worst nightmare. The crippling disease frequently preyed on young children, often leaving them handicapped for life if not dead. Extensive media coverage of polio outbreaks led to nationwide hysteria, prompting the race for a cure. The nation rejoiced when Jonas Salk successfully developed the first effective polio vaccine in 1955. David M. Oshinky’s Polio: An American Story tells the thrilling taleRead MoreAnti Semitism And The Jewish State Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages#1. Anti-Semitism is the discrimination against Jewish people as individuals and as a group. (A Brief History of Anti-Semitism) People may think that anti-Semitism began with Adolf Hitler but they are mistaken. There is so much evidence of anti-Semitism as far back as the ancient world. (History.com, n.d.) There are three examples of anti-Semitism in Europe prior to World War One that I will discuss. The first example of anti-Semitism in Europe prior to World War One is when a new anti-Judaism evolvedRead MoreThe American War Of 1844-481217 Words   |  5 Pagesthere was ever a more wicked war than that waged by the United States on Mexico† (274). The Mexican-American War of 1844-48 was both a controversial and significant part of United States history, yet it’s forgotten by most Americans today. Events such as, the American-Civil War and Spanish-American war overshadows the memory of the Mexican-American War. However without the consequences of the American conflict with Mexico, American history would look significantly different. That is why some historiansRead MoreAmerica’s View on Immigration638 Words   |  3 Pagesthe late 1800s and beginning of the 1900s, had a diversity of views about immigration and the immigrants. The United States of America, a nation of immigrants, had been welcoming to immigration in the 1800-1900’s. Thomas Page, a professor of the University of Virginia said, â€Å"Until the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the attitude of the press and of the public men in the United States was with few exceptions strongly favorable to immigration. † In America the cultures of these foreigners wereRead MoreA Brief Note On The War On Drugs1356 Words   |  6 Pagespeople around the world. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, and I fully respect that. Some people say that the War on Drugs is a waste of time and money while others are very concerned about the different drugs that are coming into the United States. It still amazes me that people are continuing to take/do drugs when they see and hear about how many people have overdosed because the drugs are laced with something. According to â€Å"The Hidden Dangers of Laced Drugs†, there are two ways to alterRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 Pagesof those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or another influenced each other. After the World War II, the world was divided, and two superpowers emerged and commenced the impulse of two ideologies completely different from each other, on one hand United States promoting capitalist democracy and on theRead MoreThomas Jefferson And His Influence On American History967 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican history, whose influences impacted our early society so much that they are credited with the title of a founding fathe r. One of whom, had much direct impact on our early American societies. Thomas Jefferson, an early American founding father, is credited to have had much influence on what shaped our early American society, and what would go on to eventually become the bases of our modern American way of life. â€Å"Jefferson is best known as the leading classical liberal in American history. AsRead MoreSpace Exploration And Its Impact On Earth1583 Words   |  7 PagesWar II, the United States and the Soviet Union began what is more widely known as the â€Å"Space Race,† where the Soviet Union and the United States raced to see who could successfully launch and orbit a satellite, then eventually a manned spacecraft ( A Brief History). The Soviets launched into orbit before the United States. In 1957, Sputnik 1 was sent into space. Four years later, the Soviets put the first man into orbit with Vostok 1 (A Brief History). Nevertheless, the United States kept pace with

The War Of The American Revolution - 1207 Words

No conflict in American history is as well-known then the American Revolutionary war. War between the colonies and Great Britain began in April of 1775 and, in a years’ time, the conflict will grow into one of the most arduous wars ever fought. After eight years of a hard-fought war, the colonists eventually won their independence over the British. Rooted in the conflict are countless causes and events that ultimately shaped the country into how it is today. The American Revolution also influenced Contemporary American society and even on Pluralism. There is no main specific cause that led to the war. According to one article, â€Å"the conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s thirteen North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown† (â€Å"American Revolutionary History, 2009). The numerous causes of the war were rooted in the colonies demand for independence from Great Britain. Many b elieved that the colonies could function independently without Britain’s aid; however, Britain’s claim to the land was that the colonies were established to aid Britain and to do what best suited the mother country. This principle was illustrated in the outcome of the French and Indian war, that lasted from 1754 to 1763. In the conflict, Britain declared war on France to stop the French from gaining control of land in the colonies that Britain thought belonged to them. Britain won the conflict; however, it left themShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The American Revolution1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolutionary War began in the middle1700s and ended with the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783. When looking at both sides of the argument I still believe the British were to blame for igniting the flames of revolution. A lot of people will argue that the British were fair in the treatment of the early American Colonists and provided for them as they did for their country men remaining in England. In my opinion the colonists were regarded as nothing more than a slave. By this, I mean thatRead MoreThe War Of The American Revolution2393 Words   |  10 PagesThe American Revolution was a political cataclysm between the Monarchy of Great Britain and the thirteen North American colonies. The revolution lasted from 1765 to 1883, however, the armed conflict did not initiate until 19 April 1775, which became what is known as the American Revolutionary War, or the American War of Independence. The revolution was subsequently evoked by the outcomes of the Seven Years’ War (1754-1763) and the Treaty of Paris (1763), followed by a series of taxes and laws enforcedRead MoreThe War Of The American Revolution2351 Words   |  10 PagesThe events that led up to the American Revolution war were not big events but a series of small events when compounded together each created the catalyst to launch the colonists into revolt. The first of the events to create the spiral effect was the seven year war or the French and Indian War. That war was fought by British soldiers on several different continents. The biggest location was fought in the British colonies of North America. The British government wanted to expand their territoryRead MoreThe War Of The American Revolution Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesEmpire and the British were making a profit from the trade; a win-win situation. But after the Seven Years War, it all shifted. The British were oppressing the colonists and the colonists were angry enough to revolt. The American Revolution was a major turning point in the First British Empire, which led to the British paying attention to the Pacific. What happened that turned the Americans from happy colonists to angry, revolting colonists? Taxes. The colonists felt so threatened by these taxesRead MoreThe American Revolution And American War Of Independence1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution or the American War of Inde pendence was one of the most remarkable wars in the history of the world. The motives behind the war can be interestingly explained by Zinn from the chapter Tyranny Is Tyranny in A People’s History of The United States: 1â€Å"Around 1776, certain important people in the English colonies made a discovery that would prove enormously useful for the next two hundred years. 2They found that by creating a nation, a symbol, a legal unity called the United StatesRead MoreAmerican Revolution : The American Revolutionary War923 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution is known as the war fought between American and Great Britain, for Americans freedom. The American Revolution is also commonly known as the American Revolutionary War, or the U.S War of Independence. The War itself only last a short eight years, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783, but tensions had been building up for centuries between the Great Britain and the colonies at the given time period. The American Revolutionary War until 1778 was a war of independence betweenRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War Of Independence964 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent aspects of the American Revolution and the war of Independence, especially consisting of the people directly involved within the Americas. Of course the people of the colonies were involved because they were the main participant in the war and the British were involved because that is who the colonies were fighting to gain independence from. The Indians were involved in a minor way, mainly on the British side. The African Americans also played a part in helping the Americans. The French also playedRead MoreThe War Of Independence And The American Revolution1572 Words   |  7 Pagesheard ‘round the world† initiated the war for independence by the American colonists against the British. There were many reasons why the American Revolution came to be, but the two main reasons were for unjustified taxing a cts against the colonists and to receive independence from their mother country England. In the Age of Revolution there were many wars taking place around the world and the American Revolution was one of them, the main objective of these wars was for the achievement of liberty.Read MoreThe American Revolution And The Civil War1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe eyes of most, the American Revolution was a momentous event that shaped not only what would now be the America we know today but the whole world as well. However, this event had ramifications that affected the history of America for many years to come. In fact, many of those same ramifications led to what we know as the American Civil War. While it may be difficult to distinguish whether or not the Civil War was an inevitable consequence of the American Revolution due to lack of correlatingRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War Of Independence999 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, goes back to 1765-1783. One of the major effects of the American Revolution was that the colonies became recognized as independent. It was now separated from Great Britain. France joined in and became our allies and helped the colonies in 1778. Since France joined the war, they turned a civil war into an international war. There were a lot of causes that led up to the beginning and the end of the war. There was a lot of causes that

DEALING WITH GENRE free essay sample

The Effects of Rap Music on Teens Rap music has been around since the early sasss. It became popular rapidly, and expanded to deferent parts of the world. From its beginning, the rap culture has not been well liked, but the people who do listen to it get hooked on it quickly. For example, teenagers are huge fans of rap music. Although rap music Is so popular, It is becoming an Issue In society. It has had a negative effect on teens that the general public does not like.Rappers express themselves with their lyrics, which is how they ring their message across to their listeners. Teenagers try living by the lyrics of their favorite rap song. These teens do not realize that the messages sent to them are poisoning their minds. Most rappers do not live by their lyrics, but that is what most teens do not know. The negativity that rap music creates affects teenagers in a way that will change their attitude and personality by Introducing them to a negative atmosphere. We will write a custom essay sample on DEALING WITH GENRE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rap music may have an impact on teens that can drive them towards a criminal lifestyle.Rap music nowadays exposes many societal problems that teens an relate to. Flavor Fall, a famous legendary rapper once said, l remember rap music. We used to party and dance off of it. Today its all about a whole different angle.. . Rappers are going against each other, and Its more of a bragging, boasting thing. Meek Mill, a rapper from Philadelphia, has become well-known In every part of the united States. He has recently released his new mix tape, Dream Chasers 3 which has become a popular hit. One of Meek Mills famed songs from his new mix tape is Ooh Kill Me which is a mockery towards another rapper, Kindlier Lamar.In his song, Meek Mill says, You buck around with me, get smoked like a hookah. The line is using the smoke people would puff with a hookah to use the term smoked as getting shot, and most likely killed. Teens listen to those types of lyrics, and think that It Is an acceptable way of dealing with people they do not get along with. Raps Like these are what most teenagers are exposed to. Many teenagers consider Meek Mill an influential figure. Teens are exposed to his songs, and will eventually end up following in his footsteps.Violence, a major focus presented in rap music, affects eons by giving them the idea that what rappers say in their songs is something to look up to. All rappers want to be better than others, and they try to do that by setting an Image of them that will make teenagers think that they can be Just Like them. Lyrics that talk about guns and murders help teenagers to think that killing someone is acceptable. This has become a problem because more teenagers are going to Jail for violent crimes. One of Meek Mills song states, Cause if I was worried about something, all youll insignias getting murdered about something, straight up. That line is to let people know that if he had someone who he thought is better than him, he would get them murdered. Teenagers who listen to those types of lyrics will eventually think the same and act upon those words. Furthermore, Rappers use of this kind may influence a teenagers mind to say the type of things that the songs message is sending. For example, most songs use the words Amiga, and bitchy continuously. Therefore, the person listening to the song may think it is normal to refer to their male friends as Amiga, and to their female friends as bitchy. It is circumspectly to call others those words, but in a teenagers mind, that type of name calling is common. Rap music shapes our societys language, which affects how teenagers communicate with each other creating disrespect with words that mean much more too person. Moreover, The rap culture has implemented a type of attitude that makes teenagers think that males are superior to women. An example to this is Anti No Fun, a rap song written by Snoop Dog, a famous rapper who began his rapping career in the early sasss. This song makes male listeners feel that women are unimportant.It also makes teenagers think that the rapper is superior to women, and that he can have all the women he wants. Anti No Fun says things like, l know the pussys mine, so Im going to buck a couple more times, and then Im through with it. Theres nothing else to do with it, pass it to the homey, now you hit it, cause she anti nothing but a bitchy to me, and you know the bitched anti sit to me Youll never be my only one, trick ass bitchy. The underlying messages represent acts of perception which may lead teens to act carelessly towards women.In this ass, these rap lyrics affect male teenagers the most because the lyrics allow them to grow up thinking that females are trashy and worthless. This is a problem because it encourages disrespect and foul language. On the other hand, almost all of the songs that are popular nowadays reference drugs and alcohol. Rappers think that the only way to sell their records is by promoting negative values. The majority of songs dedicate their minutes to getting high and drunk. A rap song with lyrics about drugs and alcohol influences a teenager to try those things.Teenagers should not be ringing and smoking, especially not because the songs they listen to are telling them to do so. Teens that are exposed to drugs and alcohol at a young age are most likely to go to Jail and to commit dangerous offenses. In addition, todays teenagers are tomorrows future. Todays generation is going to be depended on in the upcoming years to take over important Jobs and professions. Modern rap is interfering with the way that teens are supposed to act. Physically, all rappers look the same. They use saggy clothes, have tattoos, piercing, and braids.Teenagers think that it is cool to pop from the physical appearance of rappers, but if they use rappers as a model of what they should look like, people will never take them seriously. Teenagers occasionally do not think twice about the way they present themselves physically, which may allow them to never find a good Job in the future. Also, way rappers write their lyrics is also becoming an issue. The way lyrics are written is improper. A large amount of rap uses words that are not existent. Rappers tend to misspell and change words. For example, instead of spelling trying, they spell, and pronounce the word s trans.This might confuse a teenager with how to write and speak. It will make it difficult for teenagers to write and speak because they will start expressing themselves the way their favorite rapper does. This is a problem because teenagers who are exposed to those types of lyrics would start spelling and speaking incorrectly which will make peers, teachers, or even parents not take them seriously. In the fans, rappers, producers, and intellectuals defend raps violence, both real and imagined, and its misogyny as a revolutionary cry of frustration from disemboweled youth.The rap culture has influenced teens to change the way they think and act. Years ago when rap became popular, rap was a way for people to speak freely about social and personal issues. By doing so, rappers engaged people, to become concerned and aware of these issues. Today, the rap culture has changed completely. Rap has become a part of most tens everyday lives, and they grow up thinking that life is based on the bad influence brought on by rap lyrics. The rap culture is still growing and it is becoming more popular than ever. More teenagers are getting exposed to this genre of music.

Statelessness and Discrimination

Introduction Many decades of uncontrolled migration of Haitians going to reside and work in other countries in the neighborhood have contributed to a noteworthy population in the Dominican Republic. These individuals are susceptible to extensive discrimination in addition to human rights abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Statelessness and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consecutive governments by three major political parties have not been successful in the duty of establishing a legal structure that is attuned to the international standards. These governments have as well failed to act in response to the ill-famed and well-known abuses of immigration executives, the military, and the Central Electoral Board (CEB) coupled with health and education providers. The CEB denotes the authority accountable for issuing birth certificates and identity records to the individuals born in the co untry. Big groups, which also include the private sector, possess a vested concern in sustaining an uncontrolled stream of cheap and submissive workforce in agriculture, building and construction, and resort hotels sectors. The setback is made difficult by the deep-seated and ever-present injustices in the Dominican Republic, particularly amongst the oligarchy (Ferguson 296-297). The concept is that Dominican individuality is European and in particular Hispanic, despite the reality that Dominicans possess significant African origins. The aforementioned approaches toward Haiti and Haitian migrants have their origins in the ancient times when the Dominican Republic detached itself from Haiti following 22 years of occupancy by the latter. The Dominican xenophobia stood out conspicuously in 1937 when the tyranny of Rafael Trujillo commanded the armed forces to execute carnage of Haitian subjects in addition to Dominico-Haitians in the neighboring provinces. In this massacre, an estimate d six thousand individuals were murdered. The trend of statelessness remains a severe and ever-increasing problem in Dominican Republic. Scores of stateless people constitute the almost unconsidered but the most susceptible populace across the globe. The stateless individuals are not identified by the government of whichever country as citizens and are thus coerced into operating at the peripheries of the community (Howard et al. 350).Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Devoid of citizenship, individuals usually possess no efficient legal defense, no capacity to ballot and minimal availability of education, jobs, medical attention, and birth and marriage certification. This research paper discusses the causes and general effects of statelessness and discrimination of Haitians in the Dominican Republic. Additionally, it digs into the history and effect of the methodical, unfair denial of citizenship for residents with Haitian origin by the government of the Dominican Republic and more so with regard to the 2005 Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruling. The situation of statelessness and discrimination exerted by the Dominican Republic over individuals with Haitian origin reveals a clear brutal act and violation of human rights. Statelessness and expatriation of Haitians from Dominican Republic The condition of statelessness does not denote a purely definite occurrence; instead, stateless individuals are found all over the world in addition to socioeconomic borders. In a universal expression, a stateless person signifies any individual that is not identified as a citizen by all countries through their citizenship certification and constitution. The reasons behind statelessness are complicated and multifarious and comprise country progression, discrimination, contradictory laws between countries, internal adjustments of citizenship laws and decolonization. Statelessness messes up the capacity of a person to carry out duties as a member of a community, both internally and globally, and its effects are harshly felt mentally in socioeconomic and socio-cultural perspectives. Whereas particular conditions differ between nations, every stateless individual ultimately encounters devastating problems of living without an approved nationality. In fact, legal identification credentials are vital to attaining a broad selection of rights (Ferguson, 298-299). For grown-ups, statelessness poses noteworthy obstructions to fundamental rights like marriage, possession of land, jobs and balloting, just to mention a few.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Statelessness and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The general effect of statelessness on kids is in particular upsetting. For kids, a lack of citizenship normally brings about the lack of acce ss to sufficient education, medical care, and security and constitutional rights provided by a nation. Thru none of their mistake, stateless kids forcefully become heirs to a hard reality in addition to a vague future. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) lays out the global criterion for the certification of birth of children. In accordance with UNCRC, children should be registered instantly after being born and must have the right to obtain citizenship, and as much as achievable the right to have and enjoy parental care. Different from the standards set by the international law, stateless kids and grown-ups face the denial of globally identified human rights and security because of their lack of nationality. As a result, they are not capable of traveling freely or obtaining fairness when needed (Ferguson 300-301). Moreover, lack of proper credentials and evidence of identity makes a person migration limbo, susceptible to expatriation. In a press briefin g by Amnesty International in 2007, it was reported that there existed instances of inhabitants of Haiti expatriated from the Dominican Republic devoid of a due progression. The government systems had thrown out, as per the human rights group, more than 25,000 Haitians every year. This expatriation encompassed even the ones that resembled Haitians regardless of if they had officially authorized citizenship or not. More than 500,000 Haitians were at that time having their occupations in the Dominican Republic. From the place of work to the streets, Haitian immigrants residing in the Dominican Republic take their rank at the lowest position of the social hierarchy (Ferguson 302). These immigrants together with their offspring born in the Dominican Republic encounter denial of the utmost fundamental rights in front of the very eyes of Dominican state and community. Taking into consideration the ones working in the building and agricultural industries, without referring to the ones work ing in the tourism sector, workers of Haitian origin constitute the biggest and most susceptible minority population. The mass expatriation done in the nonexistence of judicial supervision takes place together with the denial of Dominican nationality to a vast number of children born in the Dominican Republic but having parents of Haitian origin.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The aforesaid progressions go hand in hand with what is ordered by the first philosophy of Dominican antihaitianismo. This philosophy covers the actual nature of socioeconomic disparity in Dominican community by bending Haitians into scapegoats and the collective others who have the citizenship of the Dominican Republic. On the Day of independence, President Joaquin raised the concern of backing collaboration, but not the union with Haiti (Ferguson 303-304). The president stated categorically that the citizens of Haiti fit into a different ethnicity. All through this history, the philosophy of the antihaitianismo has worked to justify a continuing agenda to lessen the existence of Haitians in Dominican community, and in particular to eradicate bodies of the ones recognized as Haitians from the terrains of Dominican Republic. In the after-effects of the earthquake that occurred in Haiti in 2010, this strategy has remained as it were, although the Dominican Republic turned out to be t he first respondent to assist the Haitians following the calamity and allowed patients from Haiti to get services at their hospitals. In spite of development in dealings indicated through this aid coupled with the deferment of expatriation in the period after the earthquake, the systems in the Dominican Republic restarted their illegal operations on migrants early 2011. Masses of Haitians were expatriated in this tangle that entailed checkpoints erected in different places around the nation (Howard et al. 351-353). For instance, the highways in the outskirts towards the city contained some of the checkpoints and individuals that lacked appropriate documents were coerced into vehicles that drove them near the border. Executives in the Dominican Republic affirmed in validation of this feat that unauthorized immigrants had escalated from the time of the earthquake as well as the risk of cholera that accompanied it. Officials at the Immigration Department stated that they were only work ing fortify their immigration checks in a bid to protect the people of Haiti and residents from other countries from people unlawfully getting into their territory. In stressing this point, they affirmed that they had in no way infringed the human rights of any person. The capacity by which the Dominican Republic is capable of eliminating Haitian bodies past its borders is simplified by inhabited isolation, for instance, found in impecunious residential places. Inhabited isolation permits the police force as well as military in the Dominican Republic an instant oversight of a high population of Haitian origin (Morgan et al. 22). De facto isolation like that discourages the absorption of the individuals of Haitian origin into the Dominican Republic and thus propagating the ‘us’ against ‘them’ way of thinking that lies deep inside the antihaitianismo. The reality that immigrants from Haiti lack passports, proper identity documents from the government of Domin ican Republic, work permits and travel permits and have a tendency of fleeing mass evictions illustrates that even the ones that with lawful credentials allowing their residing in the nation cannot intermingle with the Dominican community. In accordance with the Jesuit Refugee Services, the individuals that are expatriated normally comprise of the ones born in the Dominican Republic, who are additionally kept isolated from the communal mainstream. Shockingly, the Jesuit-supported group has criticized the expatriation as infringement of the country’s immigration laws (Ferguson 305). In accordance with the way of comprehending repatriation systems that were concurred upon by the two nations in 1999, the expatriation of undocumented inhabitants is to be reverential of human rights. It was as well agreed that expatriation was to take place within suitable daytime hours, and must offer deportees the chance to retain their credentials. Instances of this accord not being followed, n evertheless, are both usual and awful. In early 2007, an organization by the name Amnesty International pointed the instance of a girl of Haitian origin aged 8 years who was detained in 2004 by authorities in Dominican Republic on the supposition that she belonged to Haiti and was kept in custody for one night as an unpredictable immigrant with no means of contacting her parents. The cruel treatment the poor girl faced included two instances of being slapped hard that caused her mouth to bleed uncontrollably (Howard et al. 354-356). A Dominican human rights group stopped her expatriation by tabling watertight evidence that the girl in question was a citizen of the Dominican Republic by birth and therefore had all the right to reside there. Moreover, recently the Dominican government commanded all the inhabitants to carry their identification document at all times. The identification document regarded as proper is the cedula. In one instance, an adult person that had 42 years of age was a Dominican by birth and with parents of Haitian origin did not have a certificate of birth. His four kids that were citizens of the Dominican Republic by birth were not in a position to obtain cedulas also owing to monetary constraints to obtaining the required identification documents. The request alone for a certificate of birth, with no assurance of getting it, required one to pay a total of 147 dollars, a figure that is way above the monthly income of many residents (Howard et al. 357). People of Dominican citizenship by birth but having a Haitian origin and that did not have certificates of birth are denied access to the required public, cultural, societal and financial services to assist in making them independent, successful members of the community. Moreover, their education is inhibited by forbiddance against their continuing past the primary school state. Their public and political worth is thwarted by bans against their acquiring the proper identification documents t hat could permit them to cast a vote or even obtain employment opportunity in the formal sector. In early 2007, the government of the Dominican Republic was forced to adhere to international forces in providing recompense to two ladies with a Haitian parentage to whom it had left without residency. One of these ladies was to obtain a recompense of 8,000 dollars with an extra 6,000 dollars for legal charges. The conformity to the judgment given by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) in 2005 shocked everyone as the then president of Dominican Republic had publicly stated that his government was not going to offer the recompense (Ferguson 306). Nonetheless, the cause provided for the aforementioned denial was that the parents of these girls had not fulfilled the obligation for registration behind schedule. This reason demonstrated the fortitude of the strenuous attempts to deny citizenship to the kids born in the Dominican Republic in the same condition. In this regard, in a bid to guarantee that bowing to the judgment of the IACHR did not develop a standard for permitting citizenship or providing recompense to individuals in similar conditions, the government of Dominican Republic amended some sections in its constitution. This was with the intention of allowing people with Haitian origin residing in the Dominican Republic to be regarded as residing in the nation in transit and thus incapable of having their offspring as applicants for nationality. An effect of this act, certainly, was to guarantee the continued expatriation of people of Haitian origin and thereby preventing them from incorporation into the Dominican community (Howard et al. 358-360). In recent times, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights urged the government of the Dominican Republic to provide one-year numerous entry permits to Haitians that had to make trips in and out of Dominican Republic and Haiti countries with the intention of paying visits to friends whose earthquak e-associated medical conditions were worse enough to necessitate health care in hospitals within the Dominican Republic. Nevertheless, by early 2010, just six of such travel permits had been given. It now remains unclear if the government of the Dominican Republic will provide more numerous-entry travel permits to Haitians with friends and relatives having health and additional humanitarian requirements or not. Further, then protesting strongly against the probable unlawful retroactive exertion of any constitutional amendment, civil group activists should keep on prioritizing the requirement for a uniform playing-ground. Contrary to the United States or the majority of nations in Latin America that have obtained noteworthy levels of migrants, the Dominican Republic has never had a regulation plan for illegal long-term inhabitant despite being an influential campaigner for the rights of Dominican emigrants and their children overseas. Nevertheless, maybe the greatest hindrance to com bating the paring down of the decree of law is not essentially based on law but culture. Whereas the local legal philosophy is paramount and indispensable, strengthened civic edification to make sure that a country is answerable to basic rights of its inhabitants is more important (Howard et al. 361-364). Racial discrimination and unfairness in Dominican Republic The colonization account of the area has brought about persistent racial discrimination in the Dominican Republic. While there lacks any certified government strategy of discrimination in the Dominican Republic, there is nonetheless a weighty and established problem of racial discrimination and unfairness. This arises against the people of Haiti, residents of the Dominican Republic who are of Haitian origin and commonly blacks living in the Dominican Republic (Ferguson 307). Even though none of the Dominican legislation is discriminatory as they appear, regulations concerning immigration, civil position and the provision of Dominican nationality to individuals of Haitian origin have an influence in the community in a way that could be classified as discriminatory. Following a far-reaching interview that was carried out in a bid to comprehend the discrimination that black people of Haitian and Dominican origin encounter, it was found out that blacks characteristically reside in worse situations. Additionally, they are hired in manual and poor paying jobs and suffer a great extent of injustice (Howard et al. 365-367). Upsetting references are directed to the black people like being uninformed, dirty or pig feed and many black people declared their everyday encounters of racial discrimination by government officers working in registration sectors, on buses, trains and other means of transport in addition to other places. The majority of blacks stated that owing to their skin color or their Haitian origin; it was not possible to acquire registration permits and therefore is left susceptible to expatriatio n or extradition to Haiti, which comprised of Dominican residents that had no link at all with that nation (Haiti). Consequent to this discovery, the United Nations professionals strongly proposed that the global community make sure that the Dominican Republic adapts to the responsibilities stipulated in the international human rights law, comprising the eradication of any kind of racism. It was not rare for the citizenship of different individuals to be openly in conflict, uncertain, and faced with disagreements. It was frequent for people believed to be Haitians being kept in custody by the police and expatriated to Haiti, regardless of registration documents they had. Haitians are as well suddenly discriminated in the culture of Dominican Republic thru their appearances, references and terms. Additionally, many residents of the Dominican Republic, with the inclusion of the government, employ the dyslogistic term ‘Haitinization’ when referring to the depressing impact s that they attribute to the presence of poor Haitians living in the nation. Partly, this animosity could be attributed to the reality that the Dominican Republic is an underprivileged country, with 30% of its populace existing below the poverty line (Howard et al. 368-370). With inadequate resources, the negative reactions concerning Haitians are propagated not just by the historic attempts for island supremacy but as well by a continued existence state of mind. Support operations Even though has at no time drew a similar intensity of concern like other sectors that are key to global human rights legal framework, it is currently a segment of the official strategy discussion at the United Nations. For over 20 years, campaigners have established affirmations that completely connect statelessness to the difficulties of offering personal protection and enhancing dignity, therefore taking it into the human rights establishment. For instance, the Declaration on the Right to Development ( DRD) identified the global autonomy to take part in, chip in to and have the pleasure in economic, political, cultural and social advancements, where all human rights are entirely attained. More lately, nevertheless, the perception of statelessness has been clearly connected with movements to regularize immigration, citizenship and individuality in addition to strategies of fairness (Ferguson 308). The difficulty of stopping statelessness has as well emerged in the concern of climate change program, in the detection that mounting sea levels could imply the end to the survival of several low-lying countries. Projection for Change Since the matter is anchored in the complex account of the two countries sharing an island, the solution to the situation of statelessness present in the Dominican Republic will necessitate more than undemanding lawmaking or constitutional amendments. Intellectuals, as well as campaigners of human rights, have recognized racism in access to citizenship as an international problem (Howard et al. 371). The judgment by IACHR is deemed a vital resolution for its participation in international law on non-discrimination in addition to global human right to citizenship. From 1950, there have been campaigns by the United Nations (UN) that countries take action in identifying stateless individuals and prevent the establishment of statelessness as a whole. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (UNESC) advice nations to considerately assess requests for naturalization made by stateless individuals usually inhabitants in their terrain and, if need be, to re-assess their laws on citizenship. This is in a bid to decrease as much as achievable the level of statelessness initiated by action of laws like those. To make this possible, the government of the Dominican Republic should completely adhere to ruling by IACHR and consider the advice given. The Dominican Republic and Haiti must both create and execute non-discriminatory nationality stra tegies. In particular, strategies on registration, identification of nationality, and immigration that hinder statelessness and function toward improving the state of the ones presently distressed. The government of the Dominican Republic should completely adhere to the IACHR judgment of 2005 and express to the global society that they strictly hold the international standards. In realistic expressions, the government of Dominican Republic has to establish and execute a registration technique in a bid to grant certificates of birth to every child born in the Dominican Republic, regardless of the migration position, ethnic group and race of the parents. Possibly even more significantly, the government must strive to make sure that the suitable practice of the law is adhered to in instances where the citizenship of a person is taken to task (Howard 65-68). Several proposals and policies for a suitable reaction by the government of the Dominican Republic have been considered by the glo bal society. A number of countries have advised the Dominican government to respect the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless People (UNCRSSP). Several nations have as well affirmed that the UNHCR, being the United Nations organization with the authority in aid of stateless individuals, develop a dynamic, lasting existence in the Dominican Republic. Moreover, venture and contribution in the establishment of a local reaction to the intricate concern of statelessness and immigration founded on human rights have as well been recommended as a way dealing with the present condition (Howard 69-71). International organizations like the World Bank have forwarded proposals for deliberation with the intention of helping the government of the Dominican Republic with the provision of registration and birth legal documents. Nevertheless, Proposals like the ones forwarded by the World Bank have faced significant opposition, from Non-governmental Organizations (NGO) that co nsider that these plans could propagate the systematic discrimination of residents of the Dominican Republic having a Haitian origin. On the other hand, intellectuals and legal professionals on Haitian concerns have made strides towards dealing with the problem of statelessness and discrimination. These scholars concluded that it was necessary to make amendments in the Haitian constitution in a bid to provide nationality rights to Haitians in Diaspora, taking no consideration of the nationality position in their accepted nation. Moreover, the scholars affirmed that such human rights must as well be granted to kids of Haitian refugees in the Dominican Republic (Howard 72-75). This recommendation will only assist individuals that both desire and are capable of going back to Haiti. The majority of stateless individuals that were born in the Dominican Republic bears no strong connections to Haiti and prefers living in the Dominican Republic. Conclusion In spite of the anticipation of th e international esteem and adherence to the international standards and obligations for citizenship, currently, the level of statelessness keeps on rising with minimal action being put in place to better the situation. There prevails a growing international attention, with regard to the conditions in the Dominican Republic, that the laws, government strategies, and processes pose discrimination against residents in the country who have a Haitian origin with respect to their right to nationality.  This element exists in infringement of the responsibilities to its residents and standards of international law (Morgan et al. 32). Ultimately, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, with the aid of the international community, will find it necessary to establish strategies that would satisfy the anticipations of the international law, guarantee the rights of stateless individuals, and strive toward a decrease in the level of statelessness in coming years. The governments must encounter the ha rd task of traversing the false impression of history that the individuals in the two countries exist in detached worlds. In a bid to curb the effects of statelessness on people, an incorporated teamwork is required and it should involve governments, international NGOs, and organizations of the UN, with a bigger responsibility to be carried out by the UNHCR. Finally, the Dominican Republic bears the chance to come up with standards for tackling the intricate concerns presented by the trouble of statelessness, but it is still unclear whether it will make this step with or without extra force from the international community. Works Cited Ferguson, James. â€Å"Migration in the Caribbean: Haiti the Dominican Republic and beyond, London: Minority Groups International, 2003. Print. Howard, David. Coloring the nation: Race and ethnicity in the Dominican Republic, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Pub., 2001. Print. Howard, David, Julie Gazmararian, and Ruth Parker. â€Å"The impact of low health literacy on the medical costs of Medicare managed care enrollees.† The American journal of medicine 118.4 (2005): 350-371. Print. Morgan, Jana, Jonathan Hartlyn, and Rosario Espinal. â€Å"Dominican Party System Continuity amid Regional Transformations: Economic Policy, Clientelism, and Migration Flows.† Latin American Politics and Society 53.1 (2011): 1-32. Print. This research paper on Statelessness and Discrimination was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

BNL Essay essays

BNL Essay essays Barenaked Ladies Biographical Essay The Canadian band, Barenaked Ladies, has sold 500,000 copies of their well known album, Gordon. Scarborough, Ontario's The Barenaked Ladies started in 1988 as the duo of Page and Robertson who had previously played together in a Rush clone band. They released a cheap cassette called Buck Naked' in 1989 followed by 1990's 'Barenaked Lunch' which was the Creeggan brothers debut. By 1991 Tyler Steward had joined the band and the group was stirring up publicity both with their savage wit and impromptu acoustic concerts (especially on live radio) but in the media by being banned by Toronto mayor June Rowlands who wouldn't allow them to play in Nathan Phillips Square due to their 'offensive' name. Barenaked Ladies have a very diverse group with a more diverse array of songs, there are many, many huge singles that have been let out by this amazing band. Their first big single was If I Had A Million Dollars, which made its debut in 1992. The song is categorized as a comical fantasy song. There are many different versions of this song. There are solo acoustic versions, live versions, and many more. There are different versions of this song so that the artist can give different feeling and renditions to the melody, an acoustic guitar holds a more mellow melody. While live versions hold more of a jumpy melody. Their overall most popular song was not just one single, it was the entire Gordon album. The Gordon album sold well over 500,000 copies. The album incorporates many genres of music. There are contemporary, pop, rock, and soothing songs. Gordon is the epitome of all the great BNL songs. In 1992, The Record, which is a Canadian album Chart hits company ranked Gordon as #1 in the year of 1992. That shows the magnitude and popularity of the Barenaked Ladies in their home country. Barenaked Ladies are very generous as well. They contributed over 3 mil ...

Noras Monologue from A Dolls House

Nora's Monologue from A Doll's House A Dolls House is a play by renowned Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen. Challenging marital norms and featuring strong feminist themes, the play was widely celebrated as well as criticized when it was first performed in 1879. Here is a breakdown of Noras revealing monologue near the end of the play. For the complete script, there are many translations of A Dolls House. The edition by Oxford University is recommended; it comes complete with A Dolls House and three other plays by  Henrik Ibsen. Setting the Scene In this definitive scene, the naà ¯ve yet often contriving Nora has a startling epiphany. She once believed that her husband, Torvald, was a proverbial knight in shining armor and that she was an equally devoted wife. Through a series of emotionally draining events, she realizes that their relationship and their feelings were more make-believe than real. In her  monologue from Henrik Ibsen’s play, she opens up to her husband with stunning frankness as she realizes that she has been living in A Doll’s House. Doll as Metaphor Throughout the monologue, Nora compares herself to a doll. Like how a little girl plays with lifeless dolls that move in whichever way the girl wishes, Nora likens herself to a doll in the hands of the men in her life. Referring to her father, Nora recalls: He called me his doll-child, and he played with me just as I used to play with my dolls.   In using the doll as a metaphor, she realizes her role as a woman in a mans society is ornamental, something cute to look at like a doll-child. Further, a doll is meant to be used by the user. Thus this comparison also refers to how women are expected to be molded by the men in their lives in terms of tastes, interests, and what they do with their lives. Nora continues in her monologue. In thinking of her life with her husband, she realizes in retrospect: I was your little skylark, your doll, which you would in  future  treat with doubly gentle  care,  because it was so brittle and fragile. In describing a doll as brittle and fragile, Nora means that these are the character traits of women through the male gaze. From that perspective, because women are so dainty, it necessitates that men like Torvald need to protect and take care of women like Nora. Role of Women By describing how she has been treated, Nora reveals the way women are treated in society at that time (and perhaps still resonates with women today). Again referring to her father, Nora mentions:   When I was at home with papa, he told me his opinion about everything, and so I had the same opinions; and if I differed from him I concealed the  fact,  because he would not have liked it. Similarly, she addresses Torvald by saying:   You arranged everything according to your own taste, and so I got the same tastes as youor else I pretended to. Both of these short anecdotes show that Nora feels that her opinions have been disregarded or suppressed in order to please her father or to mold her tastes according to those of her husbands.   Self-Realization In the monologue, Nora reaches self-realization in a fit of existential fervor as she exclaims: When I look back on it, it seems to me as if I had been living here like a poor womanjust from hand to mouth. I have existed merely to perform tricks for you...You and papa have committed a great sin against me. It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life...Oh! I cant bear to think of it! I could tear myself into little bits!

Tabcorp Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tabcorp - Case Study Example Catalano. The Singapore government is accepting project plans for an integrated entertainment complex that will rise either in Sentosa Island or in the Marina Bayfront. Thus, Tabcorp sees that it may have to contend with other bidders such as Las Vegas-based firms MGM Mirage, Kerzner International and Wynn Resorts. However, Slater said that the company's goal is to have a controlling interest in the leisure and entertainment development citing that operating and managing are the areas where Tabcorp can add value (Matterson 2005, p.27). Tabcorp though is not ruling out joint ventures with other parties for the Singapore casino project. When asked as to the income implications for the company's first foray outside Australia, Slater told the Australian that it would take three to four years for this to bear out. The period is the estimated duration of the casino project to be finished. According to gambling analysts, it would be "impossible" to say whether the offshore project will benefit Tabcorp's investors or not in the long run (Catalano 2005, page 2 of the Business section). The market however reacted positively after Tabcorp's announcement, with the firm's stock jumping 17 cents to 30 cents.

Risk Mangement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Mangement - Research Paper Example Moral hazard is a situation where an insured party will tend to take risks due to the fact that any losses that could result are covered by the insurer. Under normal circumstances, the insured party could work to avoid risks or minimize them but chooses not to due to the insurance cover that this party enjoys. On the same note, moral hazard is realized when an insured party seeks to maximize the benefits offered by the cover. For instance, a person with health insurance is likely to visit a health care facility more times than he/she could in the event that the health insurance cover is not available. This same case applies in the business environment, where business enterprises can take more risks under the notion that any losses or costs are covered by another party. On the other hand, adverse selection is the situation where decisions are made under uncertain circumstances, which primarily entail access to asymmetric information (Lam, 2003). The results realized in the process are in most cases undesired. In a buyer-seller context, the two parties could have access to different information that consequently influence one or both parties to make decisions or settle at some results that they could not choose if they initially had the same information. Moral hazard and adverse selection can actually exist independently, but their application is highly intertwined. Risk-averse individuals outnumber risk takers. Many people go to high extents to avoid risks, with only a significantly low figure choosing to take ultimate risks. For instance, the number of highly entrepreneurial firms in the business environment is low. This is because highly entrepreneurial firms are risk takers, and risk taking raises the chance of making losses. However, when a high-risk business activity succeeds, the profits reaped are enormous. Risk management is a fundamental practice in the organizational setting. Firms work their way to manage risks in order to

Society of Kenya Essay Example for Free

Society of Kenya Essay The Tourism industry in Kenya operates within a liberalized economic environment that is characterised by active partnership between the Government and the private sector. While the private sector is expected to be the motive force, the Ministry of Tourism is charged with the responsibility of formulation and implementation of policies a kin to tourism as well as co-ordination of planning, development, promotion and marketing of tourism. The functions of the Government may be summarized as follows:- (i) Formulation and implementation of general policy guidelines for the tourism industry; (ii) Setting the required targets such as:- increasing the contribution of the sector to the National Gross Domestic Product, through increased foreign exchange earnings and retention from the sector; increase the sectors employment generating capacity. conserving and protecting the environment; diversification of the tourism product range and source markets; developing sustainable tourism; and the development of all facets of tourism. (iii) Planning, development and regulation of tourism activities; (iv) Licencing, classifying and upholding the quality of tourism facilities and services; (v) Co-ordination and Consultation with other government Ministries and departments in order to facilitate tourism development by providing the necessary enabling environment; (vi) The Ministry has also the responsibility of overseeing the operations of such State Corporations as:-   The Kenya Tourism Development Corporation, which lends to and advises investors in the tourism industry. The Kenya Utalii College which trains all cadres of manpower for the hotel and tourism sub sectors. The Catering Levy Trustee, which collects training levy on the sale of food, drinks and accommodation for purposes of funding training programmes for the hotel and tourism sub-sectors.   The Bomas of Kenya which is the national conservatory of Kenyas diverse cultural heritage where traditional rituals, dance and music are performed for the benefit of both visitors and the local people.   The Kenya Tourist Board which is charged with promotion and marketing of the destination both locally and internationally. The Kenya Wildlife Service which is not an integral part of the Ministry of Tourism, is vested with the responsibility of conservation and management of wildlife, and the maintenance of infrastructure, within the National Parks and Game Reserves. (vii) The Ministry co-ordinates Kenyas Tourism Promotion worldwide; and (viii) Co-ordinates bilateral and multilateral relations in tourism with other Governments, Non-governmental Organisations as well as other Donor Agencies. In addition, the Government provides such basic infrastructure for tourism development, as roads, educational programmes and the requisite security. It should also be noted that the Government is responsible for demarcating, protecting and gazetting all protected areas. COUNTY COUNCILS Most areas and communities where tourism is developed are under the authority of local County Councils. These Councils therefore play an important role in tourism development and are responsible for the following:- provision of incentives for tourism investment and management as well as provision of the requisite amenities for tourism development;   development of visitor management systems through zoning and land use policies aimed at securing participation by the local communities; Formulation and implementation of enforcement programmes pertaining to proper and ethical use of protected areas;   investing in improved tourism infrastructure such as roads and rural electrification;   developing consistent concession policies which are meant to enhance visitor management within the National Parks and Game Reserves;   liaising with communities on development projects to be funded by the tourism sector. (c) The Kenya Wildlife Service: The organisation is important since it is the primary custodian of the countrys flora and fauna. Its active participation has ensured reasonable resolution of human/wildlife conflict. However a lot remains to be done in this area. (d) The National Environmental Secretariat: The Secretariat co-ordinates the activities of the various Non-Government Environmental Organisations. Its contribution is important in the provision of vital environmental data and guidelines as required by the key players in the development of eco-tourism as and when required by the key players. (e) The Eco-tourism society of Kenya: This is a voluntary association of individuals and corporate bodies with mutual interest in tourism. It provides a platform for the resolutions of conflicts pertaining to conservation and the operations of tourism industry through:-   bringing together commercial, conservation and the local communities interested in sustainable tourism development;   promoting responsible and sustainable tourism; protecting the integrity of the natural and cultural attractions which are the bedrock of the industry. The Eco-tourism society of Kenya and its members aim at improving and promoting the image an ideal eco-tourism Kenya as a tourist destination by:-(i) Fostering tourism practices which can contribute to the conservation of Kenyas natural environment and thereby improve the lives of the communities living in close proximity to the protected areas; (ii) Developing suitable framework of Environmental Management standards relating to both tourist attractions and facilities; (iii) Devising and publishing eco-tourism regulations and codes of conduct; (iv) Increasing environmental awareness as well as developing strategies appropriate to mitigate negative ecological, cultural, social and economic impact of tourism; (v) Carrying out empirical research and pilot tests relating to new approaches and initiation and promoting projects which conform to the dictates of eco-tourism; (vi) Providing professional, advisory and consultancy services in policy, formulation research, planning and management of eco-tourism; (vii) Participation in relevant educational and training programmes as well as developing professional standards, certification and licensing systems that are in sync with Eco-tourism. (f). INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES. In Kenya both individuals and groups are encouraged to host wildlife on their lands under the Kenya Wildlife Service Programme known as Winning space for Wildlife. When Promoted hand in hand with nature based tourism, the programme enhances conservation and also ploughs back benefits to the host community. Other features of Winning Space for Wildlife programme include non-interference with land ownership and such other traditional economic activities as crop farming. (g). NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGO). There is a large number of resident conservation oriented Non-Governmental organizations which promote eco-tourism through: (i) Public education on conservation (ii) Developmental studies, position papers and codes for sustainable use of natural resources (iii) Publication of tourist information literature. (iv) Organizing annual workshops on conservation and environmental management. (v) Organizing seminars and workshops to promote community input into the management of nature and cultural tourism. THE KENYA ASSOCIATION OF TOUR OPERATORS (KATO) The Kenya Association of Tour Operators is an Association of the leading and most experienced tour operators in Kenya. Its members are governed by a code of conduct which requires them to conduct business in an ethical and responsible manner. The Association works closely with the Ministry of Tourism and other stakeholders for the promotion of eco-tourism. These other players include:- The Kenya Wildlife Service on the beach management programme and the development of park use rules. The Ministry of Tourism, Kenya Wildlife Service and Safari Guides Association on the development and observance of a code of conduct for visitors and tour operators. Eco tourism Society of Kenya and other Non-Governmental organisations on identifying and advising on the potentials of nature based tourism among various communities.   Local communities on capacity building and maximization of revenue generation. For example with the help of the Kenya Association of Tour Operators assistance, two groups adjacent to the Mara Reserve were able to raise their revenues from US$ 83,000 to US$ 2 Million within a year. Organising annual workshops on the conservation and environmental management for sustainable tourism development. Organizing seminars and workshop to promote community input in the management of nature and cultural tourism. In addition other notable stakeholders include established trade Associations that serve both as lobby groups and active participants in the overall development and marketing of Kenya as a tourist destination. These include:- Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers and Caterers (KAHC);   Kenya Budget Hotels; Kenya Association of Travel Agents (KATA); Mombasa and Coast Tourist Association (MCTA);   Kenya Budget Hotels Association;   Kenya Air Charter Operators Association; and   The Board of Airlines Representatives. An active partnership exists between the Associations and the Government with optimum performance of the tourism industry being the common goal. Consultation and dialogue among all the stakeholders is a guiding principle in Kenyas tourism development. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTIVE WILDLIFE UTILIZATION AND ECO-TOURISM. The concept of sustainable consumptive wildlife utilization has been formulated so as to counter the negative trends that were inherited from the wildlife based tourism and wildlife management policies that existed during and soon after the colonial period up to late 1970s. By then, conservation and tourism policies overlooked the interests of the local people by emphasizing control and regulations while neglecting incentives that would contribute to the success of wildlife conservation and management programmes in the country.

Of Mice and Men :: essays research papers

In John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, he uses Crooks to express loneliness because his character is a perfect example of how it was to be a black man. Steinbeck uses Crooks to show his readers what it was like to be lonely. Crooks is the loneliest in the novel because he has no one to talk and he is black.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crooks was introduced to the novel as just a black stable buck. Before his character appeared, the men talked about him as if he were a horse, and they made fun of him because he walked with a limp. He had a limp because he was kicked in the spine by a horse once. When he finally showed up, it was just to receive an order, and the way he did it seemed like he was a frightened animal, terrified of his owner’s whip. He had no one to talk to, no one to keep him company and no one to treat him like he was important. In chapter 4, Lennie goes into Crooks’ room and they start talking about being lonely. Crooks says to Lennie †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Books ain’t no good. A guy needs somebody ___ to be near him.’ He wined, ‘A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you’†(72). This shows you how lonely Crooks gets all by himself with nothing to do but re ad. Even though it seems like he is talking about any guy that is lonely, he is expressing what he feels inside. That is one of the many examples that shows how Crooks feels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the nineteen thirties, the Great Depression occurred. It was a time when money was scarce, lots of people lost their jobs and became poor, and sometimes homeless. Crooks did hard labor and obeyed every command given by the boss. If he lost his job, he would have no where to go. No one would hire anybody because of the money problem in that time, and if they did, it wouldn’t be a black man, let alone, a crippled black man. So Crooks was basically stuck in the same place for awhile, and he was without anybody to talk to. At least being a stable buck he had people around him most of the time. In chapter 4, Crooks and Lennie have a conversation about Crooks being a black.

Corporate social responsibility Essay

1) Corporate Ethics – The broad area dealing with the way in which a company behaves towards, and conducts business with, its internal and external STAKEHOLDERS, including employees, investors, creditors, customers, and regulators. In certain national systems minimum standards are required or recommended in order to eliminate potential conflicts of interest or client/employee mistreatment. 2) Board of Directors (BOD) – An appointed or elected body or committee that has overall responsibility for the management of a nonprofit or nonstock organization, such as a foundation, university or mutual fund. 3) Executive Officer – is generally a person responsible for running an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization. 4) Corporate Compliance – means having internal policies and procedures designed to prevent and detect violations of applicable law, regulations, rules and ethical standards by employees, agents and others. It involves legal risk management and internal controls. 5) Corporate Governance – refers to the set of systems, principles and processes by which a company is governed. They provide the guidelines as to how the company can be directed or controlled such that it can fulfil its goals and objectives in a manner that adds to the value of the company and is also beneficial for all stakeholders in the long term. 6) Corporate Responsibility – includes being consistent with ethical principles and conduct such as honesty, integrity and respect for others. By voluntarily accepting responsibility for its actions corporations earn their licence to operate in society. 7) Corporate Social Responsibility – is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. 8) Corporate Sustainability – is a business approach that creates long-term consumer and employee value by not only creating a â€Å"green† strategy aimed towards the natural environment, but taking into consideration every dimension of how a business operates in the social, cultural, and economic environment. Also formulating strategies to build a company that fosters longevity through transparency and proper employee development.

History of the Fornication Pants Essay

Jeans today are much more than a simple item of clothing; they are a staple, a comfort and an identity. They are not a piece of clothing that is unique to one culture or society; jeans are jeans no matter where you are. Jeans have transcended nationality, race and even war, and yet they are still one of the most ordinary parts of our lives. What many people take for granted is that Jeans have become such a part of their everyday lives that they never stop to think about where they come from, and what they have done for people. Jeans had a humble beginning, a colourful and influential life and have a bright future. They are a part of North American history and culture and have defined many people’s lives. Cotton denim started being produced in North America in the eighteenth century and with the American cotton industry came slave labour. Plantation owners relied on slaves to keep prices down, and in 1860 there were almost four million slaves in the southern United States. (Kyi p.10) Denim got its name from a French fabric woven of silk and wool. The fabric was made in Nimes, France, and as a result it was dubbed â€Å"serge de Nimes†, but when the fabric began being stocked in English stores, it was shortened to â€Å"deNimes† or â€Å"denim†. (Sullivan p.12) At the time, denim was the strongest fabric and was even thought to have been the fabric of choice for the sails of the ships that Christopher Columbus sailed to the New World. (Sullivan p.14) Jean manufacturers buying denim from mills requested dark blue cloth rather than the pale beige offered as it was a colour that would show less dirt and wear. So denim cloth began to be dyed using indigo, but because of the time needed to make the dye it was one of the most expensive dyes in the world. That changed in the 1880’s, when a German scientist by the name of Johann von Baeyer discovered a way to create the same colour in a lab. The colour blue was now much more accessible and cheaper to achieve using the new synthetic indigo dye. (Kyi p.10) There are two Jean companies that played a major part in the production and distribution of the pants at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Levi Strauss & Co. and Lee Company. Levi Strauss was born Loeb Strauss in 1829 in Bavaria. After immigrating to the San Francisco, he opened up a whole sale business selling high quality fabrics. He struck it rich during the California gold rush in the 1860’s, but not by finding gold, but by selling his heavy duty work pants. (Kyi p.15) Around the same time in Nevada, a tailor named Jacob Davis, an immigrant from Latvia, was trying to figure out how to make his work pants stronger. Miners were constantly ripping the seams of their denim work pants. Finally while in his barn Davis realised that the copper rivets that were used to reinforce the seams of horse blankets could be used to reinforce pants as well. (Kyi p.18) His pants were a hit, so he contacted his denim supplier, Levi Strauss, to see if he would consider going into business with him and help him purchase a patent. Strauss was convinced and the two applied for a patent in 1873. This was the birth of blue jeans, although they were not called jeans yet. They were still being called high waist overalls or waist overalls. (Kyi p.21) The first cloth called â€Å"jean† was made in Genoa, Italy, and was worn by sailors. In Italian, Genoa is pronounced â€Å"Genes†, but Strauss did not use the Italian fabric and his pants were not worn by sailors so he never used the term â€Å"jeans†. It was not until years after his death that Levi Strauss & Co. Began using the word. (Contini p.158) It did not take long for the riveted jeans to catch on, and production began to soar and Strauss invited Davis to move to San Francisco, where the two hired dozens of seamstresses to work in their new factories. To distinguish which pants were his and to demonstrate how strong they were, Strauss had a leather label designed for the back waistband, that showed a pair of jeans tied between two draft horses going in opposite directions. The horses were trying to rip the jeans apart, but the fabric was too strong. The label worked so well that for decades the jeans were known as the Two-Horse brand. (Kyi p.23) In the 1890’s a pair of Levi Strauss’ jeans cost about one dollar US, about the equivalent of twenty dollars US today, which was enough to make Strauss rich. (Sullivan p.18) When he died in 1902, his company was left in the care of his three nephews, who were eager continue the company’s success, but they were facing competition. The patent on riveted pants expired in 1891, and in the early 20th century, a new clothing manufacturer appeared, Henry David Lee. Lee opened H.D. Lee Mercantile Company in Kansas City in 1899, selling fabric and furniture. Soon he opened up his own factory and began producing what would today be recognized as overalls. (Kyi p.25) He then came up with the idea to sew a denim shirt onto a pair of jeans to form a denim coverall. The Lee Union-All was first marketed to men who loved cars as it could be worn over other clothes to keep them clean. In 1913 it was popular with farmers, engineers, and factory workers, and soon became available for women and children. When the American Army was preparing to join WWI, thousands of Lee Union-Alls were ordered for the soldiers as they were found to be more durable than any other clothing. (Kyi p.26) In 1926, the Lee Company revolutionized jeans, by putting a zipper in place of the buttons in the fly to â€Å"ease access†. During the depression Lee Company managed to convince people that Lee jeans would last twice as long as other pants, making them a good investment. The Company even opened up a new factory in 1936. (Kyi p.31) During WWII, wartime rationing led to shortages of blue jeans, and owning them became a status symbol. At that time jeans were only available in North America, but when soldiers set sail for Europe and Asia, jeans were introduced to the rest of the world. (Kyi p.35) For women working in factories during the war, jeans or coveralls with a bandanna became their dress code, partly because of the famous portrait of Rosie the Riveter proclaiming â€Å"We Can Do It† while wearing a denim shirt. (Sullivan p.70) After the war, the young soldiers who came home became the first teen rebels. They no longer wanted coveralls but pants that fitted snugly around the waist more suited to motorcycle riding than farming. (Kyi p.39) This developed a style that was popularized by Hollywood and stars such as James Dean in Rebel without a Cause. (Sullivan p.92) Marilyn Monroe began wearing hip-hugging jeans that became popular for women in the 1950’s, making jeans sexy for women as well as men. (Sullivan p.96) Jeans were now something that you could wear while hanging out with your friends; they were no longer just for working on the farm or in a factory. Parents began to worry that their children were running wild, and jeans were banned in US schools and in churches in England. (Kyi p.41) It seemed as though Brigham Young could see into the future when in the 1830’s he called jeans the â€Å"fornication pant†, appalled at the button fly. (Sullivan p.9) Denim had left behind its army reputation and had become the newest style trend. Hollywood stars such as Marilyn Monroe and Bridget Bardot began wearing them for press appearances and parties, and that’s when the worldwide love affair with denim began. (Sullivan p. 98) Jeans are now a staple of pretty much everyone’s wardrobe in the 21st century. No matter what ethnicity or social class, everyone wears jeans. You see them on movie stars, your teachers, Presidents and Princes, and when you see news footage of a peace rally in Israel; the protestors are wearing jeans. They now come in over 200 sizes and countless styles and washes, with some made for wear on the farm and others perfect for a date on a Friday night. In the 19th century a pair of Levi’s would set a buyer back about $1.50 US, but today the sky is the limit. Jeans vary in price (for adults) from around $20 US at Wal-Mart to a pair of diamond and gold studded jeans that were sold in 2001 in Italy for $500,000 US. (Kyi p.13) Light wash or dark wash, boot cut or flare, diamond studded or embroidered, jeans are jeans, and are a North American icon. Jeans are one of the only pieces of clothing that have survived over ten decade’s worth of styles, and have always looked pretty much the same, and will be around for many more years to come. Works Cited 1.Kyi, Tanya Lloyd. The Blue Jean Book: The Story behind the Seams. New York, New York: Annick Press, 2007. 2.Sullivan, James. Jeans: A Cultural History of an American Icon. New York, New York: Gotham Books, 2006. 3.Contini, Mila. 5000 Years of Fashion. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1977.

Dress Code essays

Dress Code essays Constitutional violations occur far too common at Highland Park High School. Articles about controversial subjects written for student newspapers are censored. Lockers and backpacks are searched without reasonable suspicion. Minority students get excessively thrust in lower level programs. Teachers and school administrators officially sanction majoritarian religious practices. Female students are excluded from certain extracurricular activities, and gay students become intimidated into silence and exclusion. In response to these allegations, school administrators will rebuttal that guidelines must be present to ensure order. Teachers and administrators have a responsibility to provide a healthy and orderly environment for the students that is beneficial to learning and development. The faculty also has a responsibility to respect each students individual rights. These two missions are not incompatible. Simply put, students have rights too. Due to a cosmic amount of limitations and guidelines placed on students at Highland Park High School, they are unable to fully mature into individuals. High school is a critical time in the development of each student into a fully functioning and unique members of society. Placing limitations on a students clothing can be associated to placing restrictions as too what colors an artist can use to paint a picture. The current dress code hinders a students ability of self-expression and growth by oppressing their creativity, individuality, and freedom of expression. The current dress code at Highland Park prohibits students from wearing various articles of clothing and outfits because the district and school officials feel they have the uncanny ability to impose a negative learning environment and community. Quite to the contrary, however, the overwhelming majority of students feel that clothing can not infringe on their ability to concentrate or learn to their fullest. At the sam...

How To Use Spanish Verbs With Locations

How To Use Spanish Verbs With Locations To say something or someone is somewhere in Spanish, it is most common to use the verb estar. For example, to say that Roberta is at home, you can say simply: Roberta est en casa. However, in some situations it is also possible to use ser, the main other verb for to be, as well as verbs used primarily for location. Estar vs. Ser When Referring to Location Although both are verbs for to be, estar and ser are seldom interchangeable, and that is true especially when they are used for location. Although estar typically is used to describe where a person or thing is located, when speaking of events ser must be used. One key to remember which verb to use is to note that if the verb can be translated as to take place or to be held, ser must be used. Some examples of estar used in reference to persons or things: Tim y Catalina nunca estaban en casa. (Tim and Catalina were never at home.)El restaurante est en Espaà ±a. (The restaurant is in Spain.)Yo salgo a la 1 de clase, para la 1:20 estarà © en la playa. (I am leaving class at 1 so I will be on the beach at 1:20.)Amri y su compaà ±era ya estn en Parà ­s. (Amri and her companion are already in Paris.)El coche est en el taller por una averà ­a. (The car is in the shop to get fixed.)Seattle est en el centro econà ³mico de la regià ³n conocida como Greater Puget Sound. (Seattle is in the regional economic center known as Greater Puget Sound.) Here are some examples of events that require the use of ser: La reunià ³n es en Valencia, Espaà ±a. (The meeting is in Valencia, Spain.)El partido La reunià ³n era en un retaurante selecto de Cartagena. (The meeting was in an exclusive restaurant in Cartagena.) en la capital estadounidense. (The game will be in the American capital.)La recepcià ³n de la boda fue en el restaurante Jjome Terrace. (The wedding reception was in the Jjome Terrace restaurant.) ¿Dà ³nde es el concierto que vemos? (Where is the concert were seeing?)Es posible que el debate fuera en un restaurante selecto de Cartagena. (Its possible the discussion was in an exclusive Cartagena restaurant.) Note how each of the sample sentences could also be translated by the appropriate tense of to occur or a phrase with a similar meaning. Sometimes, the meaning or even translation of the verbs subject can change depending on the whether ser or estar is used: El examen ser en la sala de conferencia. (The test will be in the conference hall. The test here refers to an event.)El examen estar en la mesa. (The test will be on the table. The test here refers to a document.)La obra ser en el teatro. (The play will be in the theater. A play is an event.)La obra estar en el museo. (The work of art will be in the museum. A work of art is something that can be touched.) Other Verbs of Location The two other verbs most often used to specify a location or ubicar and situar, which for this purpose are typically used in the form of estar past participle. In the present tense, translation of is, is located, and is situated are all possible. Nuestro hotel est ubicado en el corazà ³n de Buenos Aires. (Our hotel is in the heart of Buenos Aires.)La morada elegante est situada en la zona cosmopolita de Ciudad Quesada. (The elegant dwelling is in the cosmopolitan zone of Ciudad Quesada.)El pueblo de Maxtunil estaba ubicado cinco leguas al norte de Mà ©rida. (The pueblo of Maxtunil was five leagues north of Mà ©rida.)Nuestro segundo local va a estar situado en la calle Fernndez. (Our second shop is going to be on Fernndez Street.) Key Takeaways The verb estar, usually translated as to be, can be used to state where people and objects are.The verb ser, also typically meaning to be, is used to indicate where events take place.The verbs ubicar and situar can also be used to specify locations.

Saudi and US cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Saudi and US cultures - Essay Example We don’t know each other personally, but at least the Sheik who connects us. If someone from the tribe has a problem, he will collect money from people who want to contribute. The role of everyone in the tribe is to support his\her relatives because the more together we are, the stronger we become. In America, however, people’s family usually just refers to their immediate, â€Å"nuclear† family – or maybe to grandparents. Many people with the same name do not consider themselves related. So Saudis have a broader conception of family than Americans do. Another different thing is a wedding. Saudi Arabia’s weddings cost men an arm and a leg because they have many obligations before and after the marriage. For example, men must pay a dowry for women, who they want to marry, which costs them at least seventy thousand riyal (more than seventeen thousand dollars). Also, the expense of the honeymoon is all on men which is going to cost around twenty thousand Rails (six thousand dollars). In America, however, weddings can be whatever the couple wants and can afford, and often costs are split amongst the people getting married. It is less formal (sometimes) and also subject to a lot of different cultural or religious values, whereas in Saudi Arabia things tend to operate in a similar way every time. People there get married at earlier ages. The average age of marriage is between 23 and 25 years old, so this amount of money is not easy to get. In other words, when a starting salary is your primary income, this dowry is difficult to make. In this situation, you need support from your relative, and they always do help. For instance, when my brother got married three years ago, he received a total of sixty thousand Rails (sixteen thousand dollars) from our relatives. We call that a marriage support. Without needing this money, American people can get married whenever they can

Managing Patient safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing Patient safety - Essay Example (I.O.M, 1999). Harm occurs if a patient’s quality of life or health is negatively affected by any element of their interaction with health care. This would be as a result of patient safety incident, which is any healthcare related event that is unexpected, unintended, and undesired and which could have or did harm the patients. It is, therefore, upon the NHS to ensure high standard, as well as safe clinical care is maintained and make sure they are in line with the current technology. According to the department of health, patient safety needs to be prioritized, as far as health care system is concern. The resulting patient safety management knowledge continually heighten improvement efforts to better patients’ welfare such as applying lessons learned from industry and business, educating consumers and providers, adopting innovative technologies, enhancing the error and the reporting systems, and finally developing new economic incentives (Fleming, M, 2000). Arguably, r esearchers ought to investigate and find out the effectiveness of patient safety in the health care system. This, in essence, can help ascertain the measures that can improve the conditions if need be. In this paper, my major concern entails patient care as practiced in any health care services with major focus on medication safety based on analyzing the current issues of patient safety management and understanding of systems and human factors in maintaining patient safety. It is evident from research that as far as patient safety is concerned, medication safety is one of the major issues that is quite disturbing. In this regard, human factors, which correlate with medication safety, play a major role, in so far as patient safety is concerned and cannot be overlooked when dealing with such sensitive issue as patient safety. Negligence, as a human factor, has increasingly become one major factor that affects medication safety basically because of lack of concern among the health care practitioners. For instance, I remember one critical instant when a health care practitioner, acting out of negligence, failed to rescue the life of Elain Bremonung, a young woman who was admitted in the hospital for routine sinus surgery. During the anaesthetic, she had breathing problems and the attending anaesthetist was slow at responding to the situation, thus became unable to insert a device to open her airway. The most distressing thing about it is that the affected patient was in a critical state. If not for the alarm sounded by one of the friends of the affected patient, the patient would have passed on. Arguably, there were no grave consequences reaped on this incident, however, one thing that is clear is that medication safety is up stake in many of the health care systems. This incident clearly shows that human factors, as well as organization factors play a role in medical safety. This, therefore, calls for need to investigate the link between organizational and human factors in relation to patient safety. I have considered such issues in my presentation. Hence in doing so, I would come up with an incident that reflects the role of organization and human factors in patient safety and finally outline recommendations to the situation. Patient safety. Patient safety is the prevention, avoidance and amelioration of adverse injuries or outcomes stemming from the processes of medical care. It is also freedom from healthcare associated, preventable harm. A

Comparative investigation of seismic hazards and approaches to Essay

Comparative investigation of seismic hazards and approaches to mitigation - Essay Example Comparative investigation of seismic hazards and approaches to mitigation The occurrence of earthquake in future is expected. The Asian countries are one of the most earthquake-prone nations in the world. To make sure that the infrastructure of the country and other losses caused by the natural catastrophe is minimized certain mitigation approaches are taken up by the countries. The devastating nature of the earthquake has made many countries carry on extensive research and development programs like hazard assessment and disaster response program. Japan- the seismic hazards and its mitigation approach The Seismologists in Japan are of the opinion that Japan is yet to face a large-scale devastating earthquake, which might strike the region of Kanto, Tokai and Nankai. Intensive efforts are being taken by the country to mitigate the disasters and minimize the economic impact of the earthquakes (Office of technology Assessment Washington Dc, 149). This has resulted into extensive research and development of disaster related programs to combat the earthquake. J apan is an â€Å"archipelago† in the Pacific, which is separated by the Sea of Japan from the east coast of Asia. The four main island of the nation are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The nation is one of the most crowded and densely populated regions in the world. About 125 million people live in the cities along the coast. The closest neighbors of the nation are Korea, Russia and China. Japan is situated at a region where several continental plates like the Eurasian, the Philippine Sea, the Pacific Ocean and the North American plates converge- an important reason that the country faces frequent earthquakes and volcanoes. The largest earthquakes have occurred in the Philippine Sea and Pacific plates. Japan experienced the most devastating earthquake in the year 1923 on September 1st – the Great Kanto Earthquake. In the span of a minute 1 lakh people were dead and over 3 lakhs buildings were destroyed. The forces were so great that it lifted the southern bay as high as upto 2 m (6.6 ft) and also raised the distant land of Tokyo to 10 cm (4 in) and experienced a horizontal movement of 20cm (8in). The giant waves- tsunami that was generated by the tremor of the earthquake washed away ships inland and it swept people and houses out of the sea. The geographical situation of the country makes it earthquake prone- in one year it witnessed as many as 5000 earthquakes. After the devastating earthquake of 1923, the Japanese government imposed seismic codes based on the performance of certain buildings in Tokyo during that time. And it was after that there came in many advances in the earthquake engineering research, seismic codes and the construction practices of the city. The Japanese designing codes were a two-stage design process that was taken up. The first phase includes an analysis approach and the second phase involved an explicit assessment of the buildings, whether they will be able to withstand the severe ground motions. The construction companies in Japan spend a considerable amount on the research and development work annually including â€Å"testing of scaled building models in large in- house laboratories and research into passive and active control technologies† (Office of Technology Assessment Washington Dc, 149). The countermeasures taken up by the country included three important aspects- the making of the city more disaster resistant, strengthening the disaster prevention system of the city like tsunami warning system and raising awareness and

The Welfare Effects Of A Government Policy Economics Essay

The Welfare Effects Of A Government Policy Economics Essay For the purpose of this paper demand and supply analysis is used to show how it can be applied to a wide variety of economic problems. In the first section consumer and producer surplus is better defined and explained to understand the welfare effects of a government policy. In other words, consumer and producer surplus can evaluate who gains and who loses from a given policy, and also by how much. Also note that these two concepts of surplus can also be used to demonstrate the efficiency of a competitive market. In the sections to follow minimum prices, price supports, and related policies will be discussed in more detail. To assist the theory, demand-supply analysis will be used to understand and assess these policies. Consumer and Producer Surplus To understand consumer and producer surplus better the principles of price ceilings and floors will be discussed. As opposed to price floors, a government-imposed price ceiling means that the price is set at a lower level than the price in the prevailing market. Likewise, price ceilings will cause the quantity of a good demanded to rise. This happens because at lower prices consumers want to buy more. On the other hand, the quantity supplied will fall because producers are not willing to supply as much at lower prices. As a result of this a shortage will occur, which also indicates excess demand. Note that those consumers who can still buy the good will be better off because they now pay less. However, supply will fall, forcing producers to provide less of their goods. The following section provides a more detailed explanation of the welfare gained or lost by both consumers and producers, should certain prices be imposed. For the purpose of this section the assumption follows that consumers and producers buy and sell at the prevailing market price in an unregulated, competitive market. However, for some consumers the value of the good in question exceeds the prevailing market price. This also means that the consumer would be willing to pay more for the good if it was expected. Therefore, consumer surplus is the total benefit that consumers receive beyond what they pay for the good (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:300). For example if the market price of a product is R7, but the consumer is willing to pay R10 for it, then his net benefit will be R3. Consumer surplus can also be explained with the assistance of demand and supply curves. In this respect consumer surplus can be interpreted as the area between the demand curve and the market price. Pindyck and Rubinfeld (2005:300) also states that consumer surplus measures the net benefit to consumers in the aggregate, therefore, this analysis can be used to better understand the gains or losses induced from government interventions. On the other hand, producer surplus is the equivalent measure for producers (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:301). If goods were to be produced at a price lower than the market price, then more could be produced. Therefore, producers will enjoy a benefit, or rather a surplus, from selling those units. This surplus is the difference between the market price the producer receives and the marginal cost of producing the units. It can also be better explained as the area above the supply curve up to the market price. Essentially consumer and producer surplus is used for economic analysis to evaluate the welfare effects of a government intervention in the market. It assists with anticipating who will gain or lose from the intervention, and also by how much. To do so the concepts of price ceilings and price floors will be explained in more detail. Price Ceilings Price ceilings occur when production (supply) is decreased and the quantity demanded is increased (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:301). Price ceilings tend to cause excess demand, or rather shortages, to occur. Figure 1: Graphical Presentation of a Price Ceiling The following section provides a theoretical explanation of Figure 1 and the effects of price ceilings on consumers and producers respectively: Consumer Surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:302; and Perloff, 2005:274, 296, 297): Consumers are better off as they can buy the good at a lower price. Thus, the consumers that still buy the good enjoy an increase in consumer surplus, which is resembled by rectangle A. On the other, those consumers who can no longer buy the good lose surplus. Their loss is represented by triangle B. Therefore, the net change in consumer surplus which is a positive result is: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS = A B Producer Surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:303; and Perloff, 2005:278, 280, 297): With price controls, some producers will stay in the market but will receive a lower price for their output. Thus, they have lost the producer surplus represented by rectangle A. Other producers may however leave the market. This means that total production will also drop, which is represented by triangle C. Therefore, the change in producer surplus, which is a negative result, is: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = (-A) C Deadweight Loss (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:304; and Perloff, 2005:280, 281): Price controls will result in a net loss, which is also referred to as deadweight loss. Therefore, combining the change in both consumer and producer surplus will bring along a total change in surplus as follows: Deadweight Loss = (A B) + [(-A) -C] = (-B) C In essence, deadweight loss results in an inefficiency caused by price controls. In summation, a price ceiling is that price held below the prevailing market price. It merely means that too little is produced and, at the same time, that consumers and producers in the aggregate are worse off (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:306; and Mohr, 2004:162, 163). Price Floors In contrast to price ceilings, price floors indicate what happens when government requires for the price to be above the market price. Although producers would like to produce more at this higher price (indicated on the supply curve at P2) consumers will now buy less. If we assume that producers only produce what can be sold, then the market output level will be at Q1. Once again there is a noted net loss of total surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:306, and Perloff, 2005:293): Triangles B (a loss of consumer surplus) and C (a loss of producer surplus) represents the deadweight loss. Rectangle D represents the transfer from consumers to producers, who now receive a higher price. Figure 2: Graphical Presentation of a Price Floor In fact, the deadweight loss gives an optimistic assessment of the efficiency cost of policies. The reason for this assumption is that some producers may still however increase prices after the price floor have been incorporated. This would, in turn, result in unsold output. However, should the producer receive more importance with regard to applicable policies, then government might buy up the unsold output to maintain production at Q0. In both cases, the total welfare loss will exceed the areas of triangles B and C (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:307). The Efficiency of a Competitive Market As discussed already, consumer and producer surplus can be used to evaluate economic efficiency in the aggregate. In the previous section it was shown how price controls create a deadweight loss. Thus, the policy imposes an efficiency cost on the economy (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:306). Both consumer and producer surplus are reduced by the amount of the deadweight loss. This does not mean that such a policy is bad. It may however achieve other objectives that policymakers and the public consider important. Many researchers argue that if the only objective is to achieve economic efficiency, then a competitive market would be better left alone. This means that no interventions should occur. However, in some cases market failure will occur because prices fail to provide the proper signals to consumers and producers. Also, the unregulated, competitive market could be inefficient. These indications of market failure may occur because of two instances (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:306): Externalities: Sometimes the actions of either consumers or producers will result in a cost/benefit that does not show up as part of the market price. Such a cost/benefit can also be referred to as externalities because they are external to the market. An example of this is the cost to society of environmental pollution by a producer of industrial chemicals. Lack of Information: When consumers lack information about the quality or nature of a product and can therefore not make a utility-maximising purchasing decision. If these two instances (externalities and/or the lack of information) are absent in a market then that unregulated, competitive market will essentially have no obstacles, and an economically efficient output level can be reached. Minimum Prices For the purpose of this section we will refer back to Figure 2. From the graph we can see that if producers can correctly anticipate that they can sell only the lower quantity Q1, then the net welfare will be given by triangles B and C. However, as mentioned before, producers may not limit their output to Q1. Incorporating Figure 2 to illustrate minimum prices, the following notations has to be made (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:310): P2 denotes a minimum price set by the government. Q2 denotes the quantity supplied, and Q1 denotes the quantity demanded. The difference between Q1 and Q2 represents excess supply, or rather, unsold supply. Therefore, Consumer Surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:310): Those consumers who still purchase the good must now pay a higher price (Rectangle D). Some consumers will also drop out of the market (Triangle B). Therefore, consumer surplus remains the same as before and indicates that consumers are actually worse off as a result of this policy: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS = (-D) B Producer Surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:311): Producers, on the other hand, receive a higher price for the units they sell, which results in an increase of surplus (Rectangle D). Rectangle D can also be better described as the transfer of funds between consumers and producers. But, the drop in sales from Q0 to Q1 actually results in a loss of surplus which is represented by triangle C. Also remember that the supply curve is a representation of the additional cost of producing each incremental unit. Thus, the area under the supply curve from Q1 to Q2 is the cost of producing quantity Q2 less Q1. This area is represented by trapezoid E. Unless producers respond to unsold output by cutting production, the total change in producer surplus will be: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = D C E Minimum prices is merely one of the ways to raise prices above the prevailing market level through the direct intervention and regulation of the government simply make it illegal to charge a price lower than a specific minimum level. As a result, this form of government intervention can reduce producers profits because of the cost of excess production. Another example of this is a minimum wage law. In other words, a wage rate at a level higher than the market price will result in those workers who can find jobs and earn a higher payoff. However, some people who want to work will be unable to, which will result in a policy that brings about unemployment (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:311). Price Supports and Production Quotas Besides imposing a minimum price, the government can also increase the price of a good in other ways. In agricultural policy the system is mostly based on price supports, but prices can also be increased by restricting production, either directly or through incentives to producers (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:314). In this section these policies will be examined in more detail as to show how consumers, producers and the government budget are affected. Price Supports: In general, price supports aim to increase the prices of dairy products, tobacco, peanuts, etc. This is done with the intention that the producers of these types of products earn higher incomes. This basically entails that the government sets the supporting price and then buys up whatever output is needed to keep the market price at this level. The resulting gains/losses will be as follows: Figure 3: Government Price Supports Consumers Surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:315): At price P2, the quantity demanded falls to Q1, and the quantity supplied increases to Q2. To maintain this price and avoid inventories having to pile up, the government must buy the quantity Qg = Q2 Q1. Because the government adds its demand to the demand of the consumers, producers can sell all they want at price P2. Therefore, the consumer surplus will be calculated in the same way as with minimum prices: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS = (-D) B Producers Surplus (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:315): Price support policies are implemented with the intention to increase the gains that producers receive because producers are now selling a higher quantity (Q2) at a higher price (P2). Therefore producer surplus will be as follows: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = D + B + F Government Welfare (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:315): However, there is also a cost to government, which in essence is paid for by taxes. Thus, ultimately this is actually a cost indirectly related to consumers. This amount is represented by the rectangle that makes up BCEFG. This cost may be reduced if the government can dump some of its purchases, for example, selling them abroad at a low price. However, doing so hurts the ability of the domestic market to sell in foreign markets. The total welfare cost of this policy could be defined as: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS Cost to Gov = D (Q2 Q1)P2 If the objective is to give producers an additional income equal to D + B + F, it is far less costly to society if government were to give them this money directly rather than via price supports. This can be supported by the fact that price supports are costing consumers D + B anyway. If government pay producers directly, then society will save the large rectangular area BCEFG less triangle F (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:316). However, price supports are in use most likely because they are a less obvious giveaway and, therefore, politically more correct. Production Quotas: The government can also cause the price of a good to rise by reducing supply. Government can do this by setting quotas on how much each firm can produce. With appropriate quotas, the price can then be forced up to any arbitrary level. An example of this could be the control of liquor licenses by the government. By requiring any bar or restaurant to have a liquor license and, at the same time limiting the number of licenses, will result in limited entrants into that market. This also allows those with licenses to earn higher prices and profit margins. The welfare effects of production quotas will be explained in the following section (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:317): The government restricts the quantity supplied to Q1, rather than at the market level of Q0. Thus the supply curve becomes the vertical line S at Q1. As a result consumer surplus is reduced by rectangle D plus triangle B. On the other hand, producers gain rectangle D less triangle C. Thus, once again, there is a deadweight loss that occurs which is represented by B + C: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS = (-D) B à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = D C + (Payments for not producing) However, the cost to the government is a payment sufficient enough to give producers an incentive to reduce output to Q1. That incentive must be at least as large as (B + C + F), because that area represents the additional profit that could have been made if the quota was not applicable. Also remember that the higher price (P2) give producers incentive to produce more even though the government is trying to get them to produce less. Thus, the cost to government is at least B + C + F and the total change in producer surplus is: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = D C + B + C + F = D + B + F à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Welfare = (-D) B + D + B + F B C F = (-B) C Figure 4: Supply Restrictions via Production Quotas This is the same change in producer surplus as with price supports therefore, producers should in essence be indifferent between the two policies because they end up gaining the same amount of money from each. Likewise, consumers end up losing the same amount of money (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:318). It can also be noted that, once again, the society will clearly be better off in efficiency terms if the government simply gave the producers (generally in the agricultural sector) D + B + C, leaving price and output alone. Producers would then gain D + B + C and the government would lose this profit for a total welfare change of zero, instead of a loss of B + C. However, economic efficiency is not always the objective of government policy. Import Quotas and Tariffs Many countries use import quotas and tariffs to keep the domestic price of a product above world levels and thereby enable the domestic industry to enjoy higher profits than it would under free trade. However, the cost to taxpayers from this protection can be relatively high. Without a quota or tariff, a country will import a good when its price is below the price that would prevail domestically, were there no imports (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:321, 322; and Perloff, 2005:298, 299). Figure 5: The Affect of an Import Tariff/Quota on Imports S and D represent the domestic supply and demand. Because the world price (P1) is below domestic demand and supply, it gives domestic consumers an incentive to purchase from abroad if imports are not restricted. If that is the case then domestic price will fall to the world price at P1. At a lower price, domestic production will fall to Q1 and consumption will rise to Q2. So imports will be the difference between domestic consumption and production (Q2 Q1). Now suppose the government, bowing to pressure from the domestic industry, eliminates imports by imposing a quota or a tariff at Q0. This will forbid any importation of the good in question. With no imports allowed the domestic price will rise to P0. Consumer Surplus: As a result, consumers who still purchase the good will now pay a higher price and will lose the surplus represented by trapezoid A and triangle B. In addition, some consumers will no longer buy the good which results in a further loss represented by triangle C. Therefore, the total change in consumer surplus will be: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS = (-A) B C Producer Surplus: In concern with producers, output is now higher (Q0 instead of Q1). Output is also sold at a higher price (P0 instead of P1). Producer surplus therefore increases by the amount of trapezoid A: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = A à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Welfare = (-B) C Combining both à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS to obtain the total welfare effect merely indicates once again that there is a deadweight loss. This loss indicates that consumers lose more than what producers gain. Imports could also be reduced to zero by imposing a sufficiently large tariff. The tariff would have to be equal to or greater than the difference between P0 and P1. With a tariff of this size there will be no imports and, therefore, no government revenue from tariff collections. Thus, the effect on consumers and producers would be the same as with a quota (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:323). However, government policy is more often designed to reduce, but not eliminate, imports (as shown in Figure 6. Again, this can be done with either a tariff or a quota (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:323; and Perloff, 2005:300, 301): When imports are reduced, the domestic price is increased from P1 to P0. Trapezoid A is again the gain to domestic producers. The loss to consumers is A + B + C + D. Thus, if a tariff is used, the government will gain rectangle D, the revenue from the tariff. Therefore, the net domestic loss will be B + C. If a quota is used instead, then rectangle D becomes part of the profits of foreign producers, and the net domestic loss will be B + C + D. Figure 6: The General Case with an Import Tariff or Quota The Impact of a Tax or Subsidy The burden of a tax (or the benefit of a subsidy) falls partly on the consumer and partly on the producer. In this section it will become clear that the share of a tax accepted by consumers depends on the shapes of the demand and supply curves and, in particular, on the relative elasticities of demand and supply (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:326). The Effects of a Specific Tax A specific tax can be better defined as a tax of a certain amount of money per unit sold. This is in contrast to an ad valorem tax which is a proportional tax. However, the analysis of an ad valorem tax is roughly the same and yields the same qualitative results (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:326). Examples of specific taxes are sin taxes on cigarettes and liquor. Suppose the government imposes a tax of t cents per unit. This means that the price the buyer pays must exceed the price the seller receives by t cents. Figure 7 illustrates this accounting relationship and its implications (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:326): Figure 7: The Effects of a Specific Tax Here, P0 and Q0 represent the price and quantity before the tax is imposed. Pd is the price that buyers pay and Ps is the price that sellers receive after the tax is imposed. Therefore, Pd Ps = t. Here the burden of a tax is split evenly between buyers and sellers. Buyers lose A + B, while sellers lose D + C. On the other hand, the government earns A + D in revenue. Thus, the deadweight loss is once again B + C. The solution is therefore to find the quantity that corresponds to a price of Pd and Ps so that t = Pd Ps. This quantity is shown as Q1. As seen from Figure 8, the burden of the tax is shared roughly evenly between buyers and sellers. It can also be stated that the price that buyers pay rises by half of the tax, and the price that sellers receive falls by roughly half of the tax. As Figure 7 and 8 shows, market clearing requires four conditions to be satisfied after the tax is in place (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:327, 328). These four conditions can also be written and distinguished as four different equations that must always be true: The quantity sold and the buyers price must lie on the demand curve, because buyers are interested only in the price that they must pay. Qd = Qd(Pd) The quantity sold and the sellers price must both lie on the supply curve, because sellers are only concerned with the price they are to receive. Qs = Qs(Ps) The quantity demanded must equal the quantity supplied (Q1). Qd = Qs The difference between the prices of buyers and sellers must equal t. Pd Ps = t There is a change in consumer and producer surplus, as well as in government revenue can be summarised as follows (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:328; and Perloff, 2005:289, 290): à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CS = (-A) B à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PS = (-C) D à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Welfare = (-A) B C D + A + D = (-B) C From the above information we have seen that the burden of a tax is shared almost evenly between buyers and sellers, however, this is not always the case. If demand is inelastic and supply is relatively, then the burden of the tax will fall mostly on the buyer. Demand will work in the opposite way. It can also be determined if the burden of a tax falls more on the buyer or the seller (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:328): Pass-through fraction (Buyer) = Ed / (Es Ed) This equation thus stipulates what fraction of the tax is passed-through to consumers (buyers) and producers (sellers) in the form of higher prices. So, if the demand is totally inelastic (when Ed = 0) so that the pass-through fraction is 1, then all the tax is borne by the consumers (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:328). Similarly, when demand is totally elastic, the pass-through fraction is zero and producers bear all the tax. Therefore, the equation basically indicates that a tax falls on the buyer if Ed / Es is small, and on the seller if Ed / Es is large. The Effects of a Subsidy A subsidy can be analysed in much the same way as a tax. In fact, a subsidy can be better defined as a negative tax. With a subsidy, the sellers price exceeds the buyers price and the difference between the two is the amount of the subsidy. Thus, the effect of a subsidy on the quantity produced and consumed is the opposite of the effect of a tax, which also means that the quantity will increase (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:329). Figure 8: The Effects of a Subsidy In general, the benefit of a subsidy accrues mostlyto buyers if Ed / Es is small, and to sellers if Ed / Es is large. Also, the same four conditions needed for the market to clear, apply for a subsidy as it did for a tax. The only difference is that now the difference between the sellers price and the buyers price is equal to the subsidy (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2005:329): Qd = Qd(Pd) Qs = Qs(Ps) Qd = Qs Ps Pd = s Conclusion From this paper the evidence shows that simple models of demand and supply can be used to analyse a wide variety of government policies. These include price controls, minimum prices, price supports, production quotas, import tariffs and quotas, and taxes and subsidies. In each case, consumer and producer surplus are used to evaluate the gains and losses to consumers and producers. These gains and losses can be quite large. Evidence have also indicated that when the government imposes a tax or subsidy, price usually does not rise or fall by the full amount of the tax or subsidy. Also, the incidence of a tax or subsidy is usually split between consumers and producers. The fractions that each group ends up paying/receiving depend on the relative elasticities of demand and supply. It is important to remember that government intervention generally leads to a deadweight loss, even if consumer and producer surplus is weighted equally. In some cases this deadweight loss will be small, but in other cases (price supports and import quotas) it is large. This deadweight loss is a form of economic inefficiency that must be taken into account when policies are designed and implemented. In summation, government intervention in a competitive market is not always bad. Government, and the society it represents, might have objectives other than economic efficiency. There are also situations in which government intervention can improve economic efficiency. Examples are externalities and cases of market failure.